Clarifying the Distinction Between the Four Sunni Islamic Legal Schools of Thought (“Madhhabs”) and Deviant Sects: A Necessary Theological Delineation in an Age of Confusion

๐‚๐ฅ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐Ÿ๐ฒ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ƒ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐๐ž๐ญ๐ฐ๐ž๐ž๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐…๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐‹๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐’๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐“๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก๐ญ (“๐Œ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐›๐ฌ”) ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ƒ๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ญ ๐’๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ: ๐€ ๐๐ž๐œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐š๐ซ๐ฒ ๐“๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐ƒ๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ข๐ง ๐š๐ง ๐€๐ ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐‚๐จ๐ง๐Ÿ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง


Mohamad Mostafa Nassar

Twitter:@NassarMohamadMR

๐ˆ๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:

๐ˆ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ๐ฉ๐จ๐ซ๐š๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ž๐ซ๐š, ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐š๐œ๐ซ๐จ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ฏ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ฌ๐จ๐œ๐ข๐š๐ฅ ๐ฆ๐ž๐๐ข๐š ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐š๐ญ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐›๐ฅ๐ข๐œ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐œ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ฌ๐ž, ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ž ๐ž๐ฑ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ฐ๐ข๐๐ž๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐š๐ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐Ÿ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐š๐ฆ๐จ๐ง๐  ๐Œ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ซ๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ข๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐›๐ž๐ญ๐ฐ๐ž๐ž๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ซ๐ž๐œ๐จ๐ ๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ž๐ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐‹๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐’๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐‰๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž “๐…๐ข๐ช๐ก” / ๐“๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก๐ญ (“๐Œ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐›๐ฌ”) ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ญ ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ก๐š๐ฏ๐ž ๐ž๐ฆ๐ž๐ซ๐ ๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ญ ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฒ.

๐“๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐Ÿ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐œ๐š๐ซ๐ซ๐ข๐ž๐ฌ ๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ž๐ช๐ฎ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ฌ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐›๐ž ๐ซ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐Ÿ๐ข๐ž๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐š๐œ๐œ๐จ๐ซ๐๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐ญ๐ž๐š๐œ๐ก๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ, ๐›๐š๐ฌ๐ž๐ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ฎ๐ซโ€™๐š๐ง, ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ ๐Œ๐ฎ๐ก๐š๐ฆ๐ฆ๐š๐ ๏ทบ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ (๐š๐ฅ-๐’ฬฃ๐š๐กฬฃ๐šฬ„๐›๐š๐ก), ๐š๐ฌ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐ž๐ ๐›๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ซ๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ญ๐ž๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ ๐ž๐ง๐ž๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ (๐š๐ฅ-๐’๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’ฬฃ๐šฬ„๐ฅ๐ข๐กฬฃ).

๐Œ๐š๐ง๐ฒ ๐Œ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐จ๐๐š๐ฒ ๐ž๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐œ๐ก ๐š๐ฌ:

โ€œ๐ˆ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐‡ฬฃ๐š๐ง๐š๐Ÿ๐ขฬ„ ๐ฆ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐›, ๐›๐ฎ๐ญ ๐ˆโ€™๐ฆ ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐จ ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฌ๐ž ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ง ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ญ๐ฌ.โ€

๐’๐ฎ๐œ๐ก ๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ฒ๐ฉ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐š ๐ฅ๐š๐œ๐ค ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ง๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ซ๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ฐ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ž๐ฌ ๐š ๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฆ๐š๐ญ๐ž ๐ฃ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐š๐ฅ ๐ฌ๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ ๐ข๐ง ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ฌ๐ญ ๐ญ๐จ ๐š๐ง ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฆ๐š๐ญ๐ž ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ.

๐Œ๐จ๐ซ๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ซ๐ง๐ข๐ง๐ , ๐ก๐จ๐ฐ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ, ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐Ÿ๐š๐œ๐ญ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐Ÿ๐š๐ข๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐ญ๐จ ๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐œ๐ข๐š๐ญ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐ค๐ง๐จ๐ฐ๐ง ๐๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ ๐œ๐š๐ง ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ญ ๐ข๐ง ๐š ๐Œ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ ๐ฎ๐ง๐ค๐ง๐จ๐ฐ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐š๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ข๐ซ๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐ , ๐ง๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐ , ๐จ๐ซ ๐›๐ฅ๐ž๐ง๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐จ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ ๐ฎ๐ข๐๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž, ๐š ๐ฆ๐š๐ญ๐ญ๐ž๐ซ ๐ž๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐œ๐ข๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฐ๐š๐ซ๐ง๐ž๐ ๐š๐ ๐š๐ข๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ ๐›๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ ๏ทบ.

โœ… ๐–๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐€๐ซ๐ž ๐Œ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐›๐ฌ (๐“๐ก๐ž ๐…๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐‹๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐’๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐‰๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž “๐…๐ข๐ช๐ก” / ๐“๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก๐ญ (“๐Œ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐›๐ฌ”)?

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐‡ฬฃ๐š๐ง๐š๐Ÿ๐ขฬ„, ๐Œ๐šฬ„๐ฅ๐ข๐ค๐ขฬ„, ๐’๐ก๐šฬ„๐Ÿ๐ขสฟ๐ขฬ„, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐‡ฬฃ๐š๐ง๐›๐š๐ฅ๐ขฬ„ ๐ฆ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐›๐ฌ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐…๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐‹๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐’๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐‰๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž “๐…๐ข๐ช๐ก” / ๐“๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก๐ญ (“๐Œ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐›๐ฌ”) / (๐“๐ก๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐ฌ๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐จ๐ซ ๐ฃ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐š๐ฅ ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐ž๐ฌ๐š๐ซ๐ž:

๐Œ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐ž๐ฌ ๐›๐š๐ฌ๐ž๐ ๐จ๐ง ๐Ÿ๐ข๐ช๐ก (๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐ฃ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž) ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ซ๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  ๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฐ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ๐ก๐ข๐ฉ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ (๐ฌ๐ฎ๐œ๐ก ๐š๐ฌ ๐ก๐จ๐ฐ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฉ๐ž๐ซ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ ๐ฌฬฃ๐š๐ฅ๐šฬ„๐ก ๐ฉ๐ซ๐š๐ฒ๐ž๐ซ, ๐ฌฬฃ๐š๐ฐ๐ฆ ๐Ÿ๐š๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ , ๐ญฬฃ๐š๐ก๐šฬ„๐ซ๐š๐ก ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐Ÿ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง, ๐ž๐ญ๐œ.).

๐€๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐Ÿ๐ข๐ซ๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ ๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ฎ๐ซโ€™๐šฬ„๐ง (๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ซ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐š๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐๐จ๐จ๐ค ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐€๐ฅ๐ฅ๐š๐ก) ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก (๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐Ÿ๐ข๐ž๐ ๐ฌ๐š๐ฒ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ, ๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐š๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฏ๐š๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ ๐Œ๐ฎ๐ก๐š๐ฆ๐ฆ๐š๐ ๏ทบ).

๐“๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐๐ข๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ ๐จ๐ง๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ข๐ง ๐๐ž๐ญ๐š๐ข๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐š๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ, ๐›๐ฎ๐ญ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ฎ๐ง๐š๐ง๐ข๐ฆ๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ข๐ง สฟ๐š๐ช๐ขฬ„๐๐š๐ก (๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐œ๐ซ๐ž๐ž๐ ๐จ๐ซ ๐›๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ž๐Ÿ).

๐“๐ก๐ž๐ฌ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐‹๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐’๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐‰๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž “๐…๐ข๐ช๐ก” / ๐“๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก๐ญ (“๐Œ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐›๐ฌ”) ๐ฆ๐š๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐š๐ข๐ง ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ž๐œ๐ญ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ซ๐ž๐œ๐จ๐ ๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐จ๐ง๐ž ๐š๐ง๐จ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ญ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐€๐ก๐ฅ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก ๐ฐ๐š ๐š๐ฅ-๐‰๐š๐ฆ๐šฬ„สฟ๐š๐ก (๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ž๐จ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐”๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ), ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ, ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ, ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐š๐ง๐ ๐‚๐จ๐ซ๐ซ๐ž๐œ๐ญ ๐Ž๐ซ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฑ ๐‚๐ซ๐ž๐ž๐ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐”๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ง๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐Ž๐ฎ๐ซ ๐๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐๐ซ๐ž๐๐ž๐œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ “๐€๐ฌ-๐ฌ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ ๐€๐ฅ-๐’๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ก” = ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐‡๐ข๐ฌ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ).

โ›” ๐–๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐€๐ซ๐ž ๐’๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ (๐ƒ๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐จ๐ซ ๐†๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ฌ ๐Ž๐ฎ๐ญ๐ฌ๐ข๐๐ž ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ, ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐š๐ง๐ ๐‚๐จ๐ซ๐ซ๐ž๐œ๐ญ ๐Ž๐ซ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฑ ๐‚๐ซ๐ž๐ž๐ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐”๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ง๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐Ž๐ฎ๐ซ ๐๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐๐ซ๐ž๐๐ž๐œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ “๐€๐ฌ-๐ฌ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ ๐€๐ฅ-๐’๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ก” = ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐‡๐ข๐ฌ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ)?

๐†๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ฌ ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐œ๐ก ๐š๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐ก๐ขฬ„สฟ๐š๐ก (๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐ก๐ข๐ข๐ญ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง), ๐Š๐ก๐š๐ฐ๐šฬ„๐ซ๐ข๐ฃ (๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐Š๐ก๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ฃ๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐ฌ), ๐๐š๐๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ฒ๐ฒ๐š๐ก (๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฌ๐ž ๐๐ž๐ง๐ฒ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐๐ž๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง), ๐‰๐š๐ก๐ฆ๐ข๐ฒ๐ฒ๐š๐ก (๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐‰๐š๐ก๐ฆ ๐ข๐›๐ง ๐’ฬฃ๐š๐Ÿ๐ฐ๐šฬ„๐ง ๐ฐ๐ก๐จ ๐๐ž๐ง๐ข๐ž๐ ๐€๐ฅ๐ฅ๐š๐กโ€™๐ฌ ๐š๐ญ๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐›๐ฎ๐ญ๐ž๐ฌ), ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐ฒ ๐’๐ฎ๐Ÿ๐ข ๐ญฬฃ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ช (๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ข๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐š๐ญ๐ก๐ฌ ๐จ๐ซ ๐จ๐ซ๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ), ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐šฬ„๐๐ข๐ฒ๐šฬ„๐ง๐ขฬ„๐ฌ (๐€๐ก๐ฆ๐š๐๐ข๐ฌ) (๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐Œ๐ข๐ซ๐ณ๐š ๐†๐ก๐ฎ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ ๐€๐ก๐ฆ๐š๐, ๐ฐ๐ก๐จ ๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ข๐ฆ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ ๐š๐Ÿ๐ญ๐ž๐ซ ๐Œ๐ฎ๐ก๐š๐ฆ๐ฆ๐š๐ ๏ทบ):

๐ƒ๐จ ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐๐ข๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ; ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ, ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐๐ข๐œ๐ญ ๐Ÿ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐š๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐š๐ฅ ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐›๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ž๐Ÿ๐ฌ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐š๐ญ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐œ๐ซ๐ž๐ž๐.

๐“๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ž ๐ข๐ง๐ง๐จ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ (๐›๐ข๐สฟ๐š๐ก) ๐ข๐ง สฟ๐š๐ช๐ขฬ„๐๐š๐ก (๐œ๐ซ๐ž๐ž๐), ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐œ๐ก ๐š๐ฌ ๐ญ๐š๐กฬฃ๐ซ๐ขฬ„๐Ÿ (๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง) ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐€๐ฅ๐ฅ๐š๐กโ€™๐ฌ ๐š๐ญ๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐›๐ฎ๐ญ๐ž๐ฌ, ๐๐ž๐ง๐ข๐š๐ฅ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐๐š๐๐ซ (๐ƒ๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐ƒ๐ž๐œ๐ซ๐ž๐ž ๐š๐ง๐ ๐๐ซ๐ž๐๐ž๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง), ๐œ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐จ๐ซ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐š๐ ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ (๐š๐ฅ-๐’ฬฃ๐š๐กฬฃ๐šฬ„๐›๐š๐ก) ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ ๏ทบ, ๐š๐ฆ๐จ๐ง๐  ๐จ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ.

๐“๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ, ๐ซ๐ž๐ฃ๐ž๐œ๐ญ, ๐จ๐ซ ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ญ ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ฎ๐ซโ€™๐šฬ„๐ง ๐š๐ง๐ ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก.

๐Œ๐š๐ง๐ฒ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ข๐ซ ๐๐จ๐œ๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ฌ ๐ฐ๐ž๐ซ๐ž ๐ž๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐œ๐ข๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ซ๐ž๐Ÿ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐›๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’ฬฃ๐šฬ„๐ฅ๐ข๐กฬฃ (๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ซ๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ญ๐ž๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ ๐ž๐ง๐ž๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ).

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ ๐Œ๐ฎ๐ก๐š๐ฆ๐ฆ๐š๐ ๏ทบ ๐ž๐ฑ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐œ๐ข๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฐ๐š๐ซ๐ง๐ž๐ ๐š๐›๐จ๐ฎ๐ญ ๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐ซ๐ž๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ:

โ€œ๐“๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐”๐ฆ๐ฆ๐š๐ก (๐Œ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ) ๐ฐ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฒ-๐ญ๐ก๐ซ๐ž๐ž ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ, ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฐ๐ก๐ข๐œ๐ก ๐ฐ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐›๐ž ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐…๐ข๐ซ๐ž ๐ž๐ฑ๐œ๐ž๐ฉ๐ญ ๐จ๐ง๐ž.โ€

๐“๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐š๐ฌ๐ค๐ž๐, โ€œ๐–๐ก๐จ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ฒ, ๐Ž ๐Œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ ๐ž๐ซ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐€๐ฅ๐ฅ๐š๐ก?โ€

๐‡๐ž ๐ซ๐ž๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐ž๐, โ€œ๐“๐ก๐จ๐ฌ๐ž ๐ฐ๐ก๐จ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐จ๐ง ๐ฐ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ˆ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ (๐š๐ฅ-๐’ฬฃ๐š๐กฬฃ๐šฬ„๐›๐š๐ก) ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐จ๐๐š๐ฒ.โ€

โ€” ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐š๐ง ๐š๐ฅ-๐“๐ข๐ซ๐ฆ๐ข๐๐ก๐ขฬ„, ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ”๐Ÿ’๐Ÿ, ๐ ๐ซ๐š๐๐ž๐ ๐กฬฃ๐š๐ฌ๐š๐ง (๐ ๐จ๐จ๐) ๐›๐ฒ ๐ˆ๐ฆ๐šฬ„๐ฆ ๐š๐ฅ-๐€๐ฅ๐›๐šฬ„๐ง๐ขฬ„

โœ… ๐–๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐€๐›๐จ๐ฎ๐ญ ๐’๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ๐ข๐ฌ/๐€๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ซ๐ขฬ„?

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐’๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ๐ขฬ„๐ฌ (“๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ๐ขฬ„ ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ”) ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ญ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐€๐ก๐ฅ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก ๐ฐ๐š ๐š๐ฅ-๐‰๐š๐ฆ๐šฬ„สฟ๐š๐ก (“๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ž๐จ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐”๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ”), ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ, ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ, ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐š๐ง๐ ๐œ๐จ๐ซ๐ซ๐ž๐œ๐ญ ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฑ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐œ๐ซ๐ž๐ž๐ “สฟ๐€๐ช๐ขฬ„๐๐š๐ก” ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ง๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐ฉ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐๐ž๐œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ “๐€๐ฌ-๐ฌ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ ๐€๐ฅ-๐’๐šฬ„๐ฅ๐ข๐ก” (“๐“๐ก๐ž ๐๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐๐ซ๐ž๐๐ž๐œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ” = ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐‡๐ข๐ฌ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ).

๐“๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ง๐ž๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐š โ€œ๐Ÿ๐ข๐Ÿ๐ญ๐ก ๐ฆ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐›โ€ ๐ง๐จ๐ซ ๐š ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ž ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ. ๐‘๐š๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ, ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐š๐๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ž ๐ญ๐จ ๐š ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ: ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ”?

๐‘๐ž๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ž๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐›๐ฅ๐ข๐ฌ๐ก๐ž๐ ๐ฆ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐›๐ฌ ๐›๐ฎ๐ญ ๐ž๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ก๐š๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ๐ž๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž (๐๐š๐ฅ๐ขฬ„๐ฅ) ๐จ๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ ๐›๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐š๐๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž (๐ญ๐š๐ช๐ฅ๐ขฬ„๐).

๐‚๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐œ๐ญ ๐š๐๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ฎ๐ซโ€™๐šฬ„๐ง, ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ง๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’ฬฃ๐šฬ„๐ฅ๐ข๐กฬฃ (๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฉ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐๐ž๐œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ, ๐ข๐ง๐œ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญโ€™๐ฌ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ, ๐“๐šฬ„๐›๐ขสฟ๐ขฬ„๐ง, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ ๐ž๐ง๐ž๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐š๐Ÿ๐ญ๐ž๐ซ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ฆ).

๐…๐ข๐ซ๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฃ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง๐ง๐จ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ (๐›๐ข๐สฟ๐š๐ก), ๐ฆ๐จ๐๐ž๐ซ๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ ๐ซ๐ž๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ญ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ง ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐ฌ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ก๐ข๐ฉ.

๐“๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐š๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐š๐œ๐ก ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ง๐จ๐ญ โ€œ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ญ๐ข๐ฌ๐กโ€ ๐จ๐ซ ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ซ๐ž๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ; ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ, ๐ข๐ญ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ ๐š๐ง ๐š๐œ๐š๐๐ž๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐š๐ฆ๐ž๐ฐ๐จ๐ซ๐ค ๐๐ž๐ฌ๐ข๐ ๐ง๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐ž ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ข๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ, ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐œ๐ข๐ฌ๐ž๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐š๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ ๐Œ๐ฎ๐ก๐š๐ฆ๐ฆ๐š๐ ๏ทบ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ซ๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ญ๐ž๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐š๐ฎ๐ ๐ก๐ญ ๐ข๐ญ.

โœ… ๐€ ๐…๐ข๐ง๐š๐ฅ ๐–๐จ๐ซ๐:

๐ƒ๐จ๐งโ€™๐ญ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐Ÿ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž ๐ฏ๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ ๐๐ข๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐…๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐‹๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐’๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐‰๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž “๐…๐ข๐ช๐ก” / ๐“๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก๐ญ (“๐Œ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐›๐ฌ”) ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ข๐ง ๐›๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ž๐Ÿ/๐œ๐ซ๐ž๐ž๐ (สฟ๐š๐ช๐ขฬ„๐๐š๐ก).

๐ƒ๐จ๐งโ€™๐ญ ๐ฅ๐ž๐ญ ๐Ÿ๐š๐ฅ๐ฌ๐ž โ€œ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ฒโ€ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐ฒ๐จ๐ฎ ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐š๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐œ๐ข๐š๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐Ÿ๐š๐ฅ๐ฌ๐ž๐ก๐จ๐จ๐.

๐ƒ๐จ๐งโ€™๐ญ ๐Ÿ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐๐ข๐œ๐ญ ๐ฐ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐š๐ก๐š๐›๐š๐ก ๐›๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐ž๐.

โœ… ๐“๐ซ๐ฎ๐ž ๐”๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐ข๐ง ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ:

๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ž๐ฌ ๐›๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐จ๐ง ๐œ๐ฅ๐ž๐š๐ซ ๐ญ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐ฏ๐š๐ ๐ฎ๐ž ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐š๐ง๐ฌ.

๐“๐ซ๐ฎ๐ž ๐”๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ = ๐๐ฎ๐ซโ€™๐š๐ง + ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก + ๐–๐š๐ฒ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ = ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐ฉ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐๐ž๐œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ =”๐€๐ฌ-๐ฌ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’ฬฃ๐šฬ„๐ฅ๐ข๐กฬฃ” =๐“๐ก๐ž ๐’๐š๐ฏ๐ž๐ ๐†๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ฉโ€”๐ฆ๐š๐ข๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ž๐š๐ฆ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆโ€”๐ซ๐ž๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐จ ๐€๐ก๐ฅ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก ๐ฐ๐š ๐š๐ฅ-๐‰๐š๐ฆ๐šฬ„สฟ๐š๐ก (๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ž๐จ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐”๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ): ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ, ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ, ๐ซ๐ž๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐š๐ง๐ ๐œ๐จ๐ซ๐ซ๐ž๐œ๐ญ ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฑ ๐œ๐ซ๐ž๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฌ ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐จ๐ ๐›๐ฒ ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐ฉ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐๐ž๐œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌโ€””๐€๐ฌ-๐ฌ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’ฬฃ๐šฬ„๐ฅ๐ข๐กฬฃ” (๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ).

โœ… ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐๐ž๐จ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐”๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ (๐€๐ก๐ฅ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก ๐ฐ๐š ๐š๐ฅ-๐‰๐š๐ฆ๐šฬ„โ€˜๐š๐ก)

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐ฉ๐ก๐ซ๐š๐ฌ๐ž โ€œ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐๐ž๐จ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐”๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ฒโ€ (๐€๐ก๐ฅ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก ๐ฐ๐š ๐š๐ฅ-๐‰๐š๐ฆ๐šฬ„โ€˜๐š๐ก) ๐ซ๐ž๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฆ๐š๐ข๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ž๐š๐ฆ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฑ ๐›๐จ๐๐ฒ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐Œ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐ฐ๐ก๐จ ๐š๐๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ž ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐œ๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ฎ๐ซโ€™๐šฬ„๐ง, ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฌ (๐ข๐ฃ๐ฆ๐šฬ„สฟ) ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญโ€™๐ฌ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ.

๐“๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐œ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ฐ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ž๐ฌ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ข๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ฎ๐ง๐š๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ. ๐Œ๐ž๐ฆ๐›๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐ ๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ฉ ๐š๐๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ž ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐œ๐ž๐ฌ ๐š๐ฌ ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐จ๐ ๐›๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ ๏ทบ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ, ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ž๐œ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ ๐จ๐ซ ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ข๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐ข๐ง๐ง๐จ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง.

๐“๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ง๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ข๐ฌ ๐›๐ž๐ฌ๐ญ ๐๐ž๐ฌ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐›๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฌ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฑ๐ฒ, ๐๐ž๐Ÿ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ ๐›๐ฒ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐ ๐ข๐ง๐š๐ฅ ๐ญ๐ž๐š๐œ๐ก๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž๐ญ๐ž ๐ซ๐ž๐ฃ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง๐ง๐จ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง (๐€๐ซ๐š๐›๐ข๐œ: ๐›๐ข๐สฟ๐š๐ก).

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ ๐Œ๐ฎ๐กฬฃ๐š๐ฆ๐ฆ๐š๐ ๏ทบ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ž๐ฐ๐š๐ซ๐ง๐ž๐ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ:

โ€œ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐‰๐ž๐ฐ๐ฌ ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฒ-๐จ๐ง๐ž ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐‚๐ก๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฒ-๐ญ๐ฐ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ. ๐€๐ง๐ ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐”๐ฆ๐ฆ๐š๐ก ๐ฐ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ž ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฒ-๐ญ๐ก๐ซ๐ž๐ž ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ โ€” ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐…๐ข๐ซ๐ž ๐ž๐ฑ๐œ๐ž๐ฉ๐ญ ๐จ๐ง๐ž.โ€

๐–๐ก๐ž๐ง ๐š๐ฌ๐ค๐ž๐, โ€œ๐–๐ก๐จ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐จ๐ง๐ž, ๐Ž ๐Œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ ๐ž๐ซ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐€๐ฅ๐ฅ๐š๐ก?โ€, ๐ก๐ž ๐ซ๐ž๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐ž๐:

โ€œ๐“๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ฐ๐ก๐ข๐œ๐ก ๐ˆ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐จ๐๐š๐ฒ.โ€
โ€” ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐š๐ง ๐š๐ฅ-๐“๐ข๐ซ๐ฆ๐ข๐๐ก๐ขฬ„, ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ”๐Ÿ’๐Ÿ. ๐†๐ซ๐š๐๐ž๐ ๐กฬฃ๐š๐ฌ๐š๐ง (๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ) ๐›๐ฒ ๐ˆ๐ฆ๐šฬ„๐ฆ ๐š๐ฅ-๐€๐ฅ๐›๐šฬ„๐ง๐ขฬ„.

๐“๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐ง๐š๐ซ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ž๐ฌ ๐š ๐๐ž๐œ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐›๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ก๐ฆ๐š๐ซ๐ค: ๐ญ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ž ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐๐ž๐Ÿ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ ๐›๐ฒ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐œ๐ญ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐ฆ๐จ๐๐ž๐ฅ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ง๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ, ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐ก๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก ๐ข๐๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐จ๐ซ ๐ข๐ง๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐›๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ž๐Ÿ. ๐ƒ๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ฆ๐จ๐๐ž๐ฅโ€”๐ฐ๐ก๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐›๐ฒ ๐ข๐ง๐ง๐จ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง, ๐›๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐ฌ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ก๐ข๐ฉ, ๐จ๐ซ ๐Ÿ๐š๐ฅ๐ฌ๐ž ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒโ€”๐ซ๐ž๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ ๐š ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ.

โœ… ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐‘๐ž๐œ๐จ๐ ๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ž๐ ๐…๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐‹๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐’๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐‰๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž “๐…๐ข๐ช๐ก” / ๐“๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก๐ญ (“๐Œ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐›๐ฌ”):

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ฆ โ€œ๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐ฌ๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฌโ€ (๐š๐ฅ-๐ฆ๐š๐๐ก๐šฬ„๐ก๐ข๐› ๐š๐ฅ-๐Ÿ๐ข๐ช๐ก๐ข๐ฒ๐ฒ๐š๐ก) ๐ซ๐ž๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž๐ ๐ฃ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐ž๐ฌ ๐๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ฅ๐จ๐ฉ๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐œ๐ญ ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ฎ๐ซโ€™๐šฬ„๐ง ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก. ๐“๐ก๐ž๐ฌ๐ž ๐š๐ซ๐ž:

โ€ข ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐‡ฬฃ๐š๐ง๐š๐Ÿ๐ขฬ„ ๐’๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ (๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ ๐›๐ฒ ๐ˆ๐ฆ๐šฬ„๐ฆ ๐€๐›๐ฎฬ„ ๐‡ฬฃ๐š๐ง๐ขฬ„๐Ÿ๐š๐ก)

โ€ข ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐Œ๐šฬ„๐ฅ๐ข๐ค๐ขฬ„ ๐’๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ (๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ ๐›๐ฒ ๐ˆ๐ฆ๐šฬ„๐ฆ ๐Œ๐šฬ„๐ฅ๐ข๐ค ๐ข๐›๐ง ๐€๐ง๐š๐ฌ)

โ€ข ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐’๐ก๐šฬ„๐Ÿ๐ขสฟ๐ขฬ„ ๐’๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ (๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ ๐›๐ฒ ๐ˆ๐ฆ๐šฬ„๐ฆ ๐Œ๐ฎ๐กฬฃ๐š๐ฆ๐ฆ๐š๐ ๐ข๐›๐ง ๐ˆ๐๐ซ๐ขฬ„๐ฌ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’๐ก๐šฬ„๐Ÿ๐ขสฟ๐ขฬ„)

โ€ข ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐‡ฬฃ๐š๐ง๐›๐š๐ฅ๐ขฬ„ ๐’๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ (๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ ๐›๐ฒ ๐ˆ๐ฆ๐šฬ„๐ฆ ๐€๐กฬฃ๐ฆ๐š๐ ๐ข๐›๐ง ๐‡ฬฃ๐š๐ง๐›๐š๐ฅ)

๐“๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ฌ๐ž ๐ฌ๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐ฆ๐š๐ฒ ๐๐ข๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ ๐ข๐ง ๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐ซ๐ž๐š๐ฌ๐จ๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  (๐ข๐ฃ๐ญ๐ข๐ก๐šฬ„๐) ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐ฆ๐š๐ญ๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ, ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐œ๐ซ๐ž๐ž๐ (สฟ๐š๐ช๐ขฬ„๐๐š๐ก) ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ. ๐“๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ข๐ซ ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฌ๐š๐ฆ๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ซ๐ž ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐œ๐ž๐ฌ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ซ๐š๐ฅ ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐จ๐ง๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐€๐ก๐ฅ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก ๐ฐ๐š ๐š๐ฅ-๐‰๐š๐ฆ๐šฬ„สฟ๐š๐ก.

โœ… ๐Š๐ž๐ฒ ๐…๐ž๐š๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐…๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐‹๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐’๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐‰๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž “๐…๐ข๐ช๐ก” / ๐“๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก๐ญ (“๐Œ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐›๐ฌ”):

โ€ข ๐“๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ž๐ฑ๐œ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ฎ๐ซโ€™๐šฬ„๐ง ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก.

โ€ข ๐ƒ๐ข๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ฌ ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ž ๐ข๐ง ๐ฃ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐š๐ฅ ๐๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง, ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ.

โ€ข ๐€๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ž๐œ๐ญ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ก๐จ๐ฅ๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฌ (๐ข๐ฃ๐ฆ๐šฬ„สฟ) ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ ๐ž๐ง๐ž๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ.

โ€ข ๐“๐ก๐ž๐ข๐ซ ๐ฌ๐œ๐ก๐จ๐ฅ๐š๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ž๐ฑ๐ž๐ซ๐œ๐ข๐ฌ๐ž๐ ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ž๐œ๐ญ, ๐š๐ฏ๐จ๐ข๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐ฌ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ก๐ข๐ฉ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ.

๐€๐ฌ ๐ˆ๐ฆ๐šฬ„๐ฆ ๐€๐กฬฃ๐ฆ๐š๐ ๐ข๐›๐ง ๐‡ฬฃ๐š๐ง๐›๐š๐ฅ ๐ฌ๐š๐ข๐:

โ€œ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก ๐ข๐ง๐œ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐๐ž ๐œ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฐ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐Œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ ๐ž๐ซ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐€๐ฅ๐ฅ๐š๐ก ๏ทบ ๐ฐ๐ž๐ซ๐ž ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐จ๐ง ๐š๐ง๐ ๐š๐ฏ๐จ๐ข๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ข๐ง๐ง๐จ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง.โ€ โ€” ๐”๐ฌฬฃ๐ฎฬ„๐ฅ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก, ๐ง๐จ. ๐Ÿ

๐‡๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž, ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐š ๐ฆ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐› ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž, ๐›๐ฎ๐ญ ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐š ๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฆ๐š๐ญ๐ž ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐œ๐ก๐จ๐ฅ๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐š๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐š๐œ๐ก ๐ญ๐จ ๐š๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐ฅ๐š๐ฐ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐š๐ฆ๐ž๐ฐ๐จ๐ซ๐ค ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฑ๐ฒ.

โ›” ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐ƒ๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ญ ๐’๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ (๐š๐ฅ-๐…๐ข๐ซ๐š๐ช ๐š๐ฅ-๐ƒฬฃ๐šฬ„๐ฅ๐ฅ๐š๐ก โ€“ ๐Œ๐ข๐ฌ๐ ๐ฎ๐ข๐๐ž๐ ๐†๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ฌ):

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐ฉ๐ก๐ซ๐š๐ฌ๐ž โ€œ๐๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ญ ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌโ€ (๐š๐ฅ-๐Ÿ๐ข๐ซ๐š๐ช ๐š๐ฅ-๐ฬฃ๐šฬ„๐ฅ๐ฅ๐š๐ก) ๐ซ๐ž๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐ ๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ก๐š๐ฏ๐ž ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ซ๐ž ๐›๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ž๐Ÿ๐ฌ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐ž๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ. ๐“๐ก๐ž๐ฌ๐ž ๐ ๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ฌ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐จ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐š๐ฅ๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ง๐š๐ญ๐ž ๐ฅ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐จ๐ฉ๐ข๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ, ๐›๐ฎ๐ญ ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ž ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆโ€™๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐š๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐š๐ฅ ๐๐จ๐œ๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ฌ, ๐จ๐Ÿ๐ญ๐ž๐ง ๐ฅ๐ž๐š๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ ๐ฎ๐ข๐๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐จ๐ซ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐›๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ž๐Ÿ.

๐„๐ฑ๐š๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ƒ๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ญ ๐’๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐“๐ก๐ž๐ข๐ซ ๐“๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐„๐ซ๐ซ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ:

๐ˆ๐ฆ๐šฬ„๐ฆ ๐Œ๐šฬ„๐ฅ๐ข๐ค ๐ข๐›๐ง ๐€๐ง๐š๐ฌ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐:

โ€œ๐–๐ก๐จ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐จ ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ก๐ž ๐ฏ๐ข๐ž๐ฐ๐ฌ ๐š๐ฌ ๐ ๐จ๐จ๐ ๐ก๐š๐ฌ ๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ข๐ฆ๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐Œ๐ฎ๐กฬฃ๐š๐ฆ๐ฆ๐š๐ ๏ทบ ๐›๐ž๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ฒ๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฆ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐š๐ ๐ž.โ€ โ€” ๐‚๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐š๐ฅ-๐ˆสฟ๐ญ๐ข๐ฌฬฃ๐šฬ„๐ฆ ๐›๐ฒ ๐ˆ๐ฆ๐šฬ„๐ฆ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’๐ก๐šฬ„๐ญฬฃ๐ข๐›๐ขฬ„

๐ˆ๐ฆ๐šฬ„๐ฆ ๐š๐ฅ-๐๐š๐ซ๐›๐š๐ก๐šฬ„๐ซ๐ขฬ„ ๐ฐ๐š๐ซ๐ง๐ž๐:

โ€œ๐๐ž๐ฐ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฌ๐ฆ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐ข๐ง๐ง๐จ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ, ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐ ๐ซ๐จ๐ฐ ๐ฎ๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ฅ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐›๐ž๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ž ๐ฆ๐š๐ฃ๐จ๐ซ. ๐„๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ข๐ง๐ง๐จ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ ๐ฎ๐ข๐๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž.โ€ โ€” ๐’๐ก๐š๐ซ๐กฬฃ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก

๐“๐ก๐ž๐ฌ๐ž ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐๐ข๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐ฆ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐›๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐œ๐จ๐ซ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ญ ๐›๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ž๐Ÿ (สฟ๐š๐ช๐ขฬ„๐๐š๐ก) ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ง ๐๐ข๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ ๐ข๐ง ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐จ๐ง๐๐š๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฌ. ๐“๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐›๐ž ๐Ÿ๐ข๐ซ๐ฆ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฃ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ž๐.

โœ… ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐–๐š๐ฒ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐‘๐ข๐ ๐ก๐ญ๐ž๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐๐ซ๐ž๐๐ž๐œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ (๐š๐ฅ-๐Œ๐š๐ง๐ก๐š๐ฃ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ๐ขฬ„ โ€“ ๐’๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ๐ข ๐Œ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ) = ๐–๐š๐ฒ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ = ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐ฉ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐๐ž๐œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ =”๐€๐ฌ-๐ฌ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’ฬฃ๐šฬ„๐ฅ๐ข๐กฬฃ” =๐“๐ก๐ž ๐’๐š๐ฏ๐ž๐ ๐†๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ฉโ€”๐ฆ๐š๐ข๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ž๐š๐ฆ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆโ€”๐ซ๐ž๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐จ ๐€๐ก๐ฅ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก ๐ฐ๐š ๐š๐ฅ-๐‰๐š๐ฆ๐šฬ„สฟ๐š๐ก (๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ž๐จ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐”๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ): ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ, ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ, ๐ซ๐ž๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฉ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐š๐ง๐ ๐œ๐จ๐ซ๐ซ๐ž๐œ๐ญ ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฑ ๐œ๐ซ๐ž๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฌ ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐จ๐ ๐›๐ฒ ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐ฉ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐๐ž๐œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌโ€””๐€๐ฌ-๐ฌ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ ๐š๐ฅ-๐’ฬฃ๐šฬ„๐ฅ๐ข๐กฬฃ” (๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ)

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐ฉ๐ก๐ซ๐š๐ฌ๐ž โ€œ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ ๐ž๐ง๐ž๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌโ€ (๐š๐ฅ-๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐ก๐š๐ฃ ๐š๐ฅ-๐ฌ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ๐ขฬ„) ๐ซ๐ž๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐ญ๐จ ๐š ๐Ÿ๐ข๐Ÿ๐ญ๐ก ๐ฌ๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฃ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž, ๐ง๐จ๐ซ ๐š ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ, ๐›๐ฎ๐ญ ๐š ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐š๐๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐œ๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ฎ๐ซโ€™๐šฬ„๐ง, ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ. ๐ˆ๐ญ ๐œ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ:

โ€” ๐‘๐ž๐ฃ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ž๐œ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ (๐ค๐š๐ฅ๐šฬ„๐ฆ) ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฉ๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐จ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐ข๐ง๐ง๐จ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง

โ€” ๐€ ๐ซ๐ž๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ง ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ง๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ ๐ž๐ง๐ž๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ

โ€” ๐๐ซ๐ข๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฌ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐จ๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ ๐›๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ข๐ง๐ 

โ€” ๐’๐œ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ฒ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฆ๐จ๐๐ž๐ซ๐ง ๐ฉ๐ซ๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฅ๐ž๐ง๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ

โ€” ๐“๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ง๐จ๐ญ โ€œ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ญ๐ข๐ฌ๐กโ€ ๐จ๐ซ ๐๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž, ๐›๐ฎ๐ญ ๐š ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐œ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐š๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ฌ๐œ๐ก๐จ๐ฅ๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ฒ ๐š๐ข๐ฆ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ญ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ.

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐ž๐ญ ๐Œ๐ฎ๐กฬฃ๐š๐ฆ๐ฆ๐š๐ ๏ทบ ๐ฌ๐š๐ข๐:

โ€œ๐“๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ฌ๐ž ๐ฐ๐ก๐จ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐จ๐ง ๐ฐ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ˆ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฆ๐ฒ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐จ๐๐š๐ฒ.โ€
โ€” ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐š๐ง ๐š๐ฅ-๐“๐ข๐ซ๐ฆ๐ข๐๐ก๐ขฬ„

โœ… ๐‚๐จ๐ง๐œ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐…๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐ข ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐‹๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ ๐’๐œ๐ก๐จ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐‰๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ฎ๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž “๐…๐ข๐ช๐ก” / ๐“๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก๐ญ (“๐Œ๐š๐๐ก๐ก๐š๐›๐ฌ”) (๐š๐ฅ-๐ฆ๐š๐๐ก๐šฬ„๐ก๐ข๐› ๐š๐ฅ-๐Ÿ๐ข๐ช๐ก๐ข๐ฒ๐ฒ๐š๐ก) ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐ž๐ฌ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ง ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฑ๐ฒ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐ก๐จ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐›๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐Ÿ๐ฅ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ.

๐ƒ๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ญ ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ (๐š๐ฅ-๐Ÿ๐ข๐ซ๐š๐ช ๐š๐ฅ-๐ฬฃ๐šฬ„๐ฅ๐ฅ๐š๐ก) ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฎ๐œ๐ž ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐ž๐ซ๐ซ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ž ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐Ÿ๐š๐ข๐ญ๐ก.

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐’๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ๐ขฬ„ ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ (๐š๐ฅ-๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐ก๐š๐ฃ ๐š๐ฅ-๐ฌ๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ๐ขฬ„) ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐š ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ, ๐›๐ฎ๐ญ ๐š ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ฎ๐ซโ€™๐šฬ„๐ง, ๐’๐ฎ๐ง๐ง๐š๐ก, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฉ๐ซ๐š๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐’๐š๐ฅ๐š๐Ÿ.

๐“๐ซ๐ฎ๐ž ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐ข๐ง ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐›๐ฎ๐ข๐ฅ๐ญ ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐จ๐ง ๐š๐๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ญ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก, ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐ž๐ซ๐š๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐›๐จ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ž๐ฌ.

โ€œ๐€๐ง๐ ๐ฐ๐ก๐จ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ ๐จ๐ฉ๐ฉ๐จ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐Œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ ๐ž๐ซ ๐š๐Ÿ๐ญ๐ž๐ซ ๐ ๐ฎ๐ข๐๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐ก๐š๐ฌ ๐›๐ž๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ž ๐œ๐ฅ๐ž๐š๐ซ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ก๐ข๐ฆ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ฌ ๐จ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฐ๐š๐ฒ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐›๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ โ€” ๐–๐ž ๐ฐ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐ ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐ก๐ข๐ฆ ๐ฐ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ก๐ž ๐ก๐š๐ฌ ๐ญ๐š๐ค๐ž๐ง ๐š๐ง๐ ๐๐ซ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐ก๐ข๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐จ ๐‡๐ž๐ฅ๐ฅ, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐ฅ ๐ข๐ญ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐š๐ฌ ๐š ๐๐ž๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง.โ€
โ€” ๐’๐ฎฬ„๐ซ๐š๐ก ๐š๐ฅ-๐๐ข๐ฌ๐šฬ„โ€™ (๐Ÿ’:๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ“)

๐Œ๐š๐ฒ ๐€๐ฅ๐ฅ๐š๐ก ๐ ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ญ ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ, ๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐Ÿ๐ข๐ซ๐ฆ๐ง๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฉ๐š๐ญ๐ก ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ ๐ฎ๐ข๐๐š๐ง๐œ๐ž.

๐€๐ฅ๐ฅ๐š๐ก ๐Š๐ง๐จ๐ฐ๐ฌ ๐๐ž๐ฌ๐ญ.

๐‘๐ž๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ฌ:

Which Islamic methodology is the pure correct way that follows the Footsteps of Prophet Muhammed?

Our Islamic Methodology at Islam Compass By Br.Mohamad Mostafa Nassar: Clarification and Warning Against Deviant Trends

Saudi Arabia is not Islam and Islam is not Saudi Arabia

Reconciling the hadith โ€œYou hear and obey the ruler, even if your back is beaten and your wealth is taken, so hear and obey,โ€ Sahih Muslim 1847b with the two hadiths: โ€œWhoever is killed defending his wealth is a martyr,โ€ Riyad as-Salihin 1356 and the hadith: โ€œWhat if he kills me?โ€ He said: โ€œThen you are a martyr.โ€Riyad as-Salihin 1357

What is Madkhalism and Al-Jamiyyah?

Advising Muslim rulers, princes, and leaders, between secrecy and public declaration: an Islamic perspective, far from Bootlickers

Dangers of Sufism

Critical information: About the methodology Muslim historians followed in documenting Islamic history โ€“ How Reliable is โ€œThe History of Imam at-Tabari= Tarikh at-Tabariโ€?

Ten Things can make you OUT of Islam Fold- The things that nullify Islam.

The Raafidis=Shiโ€™a are undoubtedly kuffaar=non-Muslims=Out of the fold of Islam for these Reasons

๐–๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ซ๐ž ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ค๐ž๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐“๐š๐›๐ฅ๐ขฬ„๐ ๐ก๐ข ๐‰๐š๐ฆ๐šฬ„โ€™๐š๐ญ? ๐“๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ข๐ฆ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ฒ ๐๐จ ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ๐จ๐ญ๐ž ๐ ๐ซ๐š๐ฏ๐ž ๐ฐ๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ๐ก๐ข๐ฉ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐จ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐ข๐ง๐ง๐จ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ. ๐‡๐จ๐ฐ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ ๐จ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐จ๐ฎ๐ญ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฉ๐ž๐จ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐๐šโ€™๐ฐ๐š๐ก ๐ฐ๐ซ๐จ๐ง๐ ?

๐ก๐ญ๐ญ๐ฉ๐ฌ://๐š๐ฅ๐š๐›๐š๐๐ฒ๐š๐ก.๐œ๐จ๐ฆ/

Warning: Yasir Qadhi a misleading Deviant to be avoided

A Refutation of Yasir Qadhi โ€•his tirade against Shaikh Muhammad bin Abdul-Wahhฤb and the Salafi Scholars โ€•his praise of ahlul-Bidโ€™ah, revilement of ahlus-Sunnah, incitement against the Muslim rulers and other innovations

The Islamic Ruling on Shi`ites (Rawafid) by Early Muslims.

The Status of the Twelvers Shiโ€™a Imams= Ithna โ€˜Ashari Shiโ€™a

Distortion of the Qurโ€™รขn by the Shiโ€™a Raafidis

Anyone Consider non-Prophets superior to Prophets peace be upon them is NOT Muslim- Shiโ€™a as an Example

The hadeeth โ€œThere will appear among you twelve imams coming one after another, all of them from Quraysh.โ€

Why arenโ€™t there any mediators between God and his slaves in Islam?

Sending blessings upon the Prophet and his Companions

Al-Nawawi on supplications for Prophet Muhammed

Ruling on building mosques over graves

Prohibition of grave worship in Islam

Permissible and prohibited Tawassul=Supplication in Islam- Protect your faith from shirk (Polytheism)

โ€˜Umar ibn Al-Khattab did not seek the help of Allah by virtue of the status of al-โ€˜Abbaas (may Allah be pleased with him)

๐–๐š๐ซ๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ƒ๐ข๐ฌ๐›๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ ๐Š๐š๐Ÿ๐ข๐ซ ๐’๐ก๐ž๐ข๐ค๐ก ๐ˆ๐ฆ๐ซ๐š๐ง ๐‡๐จ๐ฌ๐ž๐ข๐ง ๐๐ž๐œ๐ž๐ข๐ฏ๐ž๐ฌ ๐Œ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ข๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐จ ๐›๐ž ๐Œ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ

Opposition to Rajm (Stoning to death): Analysis & Refutation

Ruling on Rejecting a verse in the Quran or Rejects an Authentic hadith

Is the stoning verse missing from the Quran?

Application of hudud punishments in Sharia law

Ten Things can make you OUT of Islam Fold- The things that nullify Islam.

Where in the Quran it says Quran was revealed to Prophet Muhammed as a Prophet and who wrote the Quran?

Seven Ahruf Scheme and the Centrality of the Prophetic Precedent

The revelation of the Qurโ€™an in seven styles (ahruf, sing. harf)

Instant Death to Apostates (those who desert their religion) in the Bibleโ€™s Old and New Testaments โ€“ Apostasy in Christianity

Apostates in Islam: Should they be killed or saved? Apostasy in Islam โ€“ Islam on Apostasy

Did the Prophet kill apostates who renounce Islam?

Tawassul: Seeking help from prophets and saints?

Asking the deceased for supplications or intercession?

Does Allah Forgive Shirk? Quran(4:48), Quran (4:116) and Quran (4:153)

Does Allah forgive Shirk= joining partners with him or not?