Gospel Transmission and Textual Preservation: A Comparative Analysis of the Apostolic Chain Claim and the Islamic Systems of Narration (Isnad) and Consecutive Transmission (Tawฤtur)

Posted onAuthorMohamad Mostafa Nassar

๐†๐จ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ž๐ฅ ๐“๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐š๐ง๐ ๐“๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง: ๐€ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐€๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐€๐ฉ๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ฅ๐ข๐œ ๐‚๐ก๐š๐ข๐ง ๐‚๐ฅ๐š๐ข๐ฆ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐’๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐๐š๐ซ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง (๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ง๐š๐) ๐š๐ง๐ ๐‚๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐“๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง (๐“๐š๐ฐ๐šฬ„๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ)


Mohamad Mostafa Nassar
Twitter:@NassarMohamadMR

๐“๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ-๐ฉ๐š๐ ๐ž ๐š๐œ๐š๐๐ž๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐ž๐ซ๐ญ๐š๐ค๐ž๐ฌ ๐š ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐ข๐ง๐ฏ๐ž๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐จ ๐จ๐ง๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฆ๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ž๐ช๐ฎ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐š๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง ๐‚๐ก๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐š๐งโ€“๐Œ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐œ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ฌ๐ž: ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐š๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐œ๐š๐ง๐จ๐ง๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐†๐จ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ž๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐ก๐š๐ฏ๐ž ๐›๐ž๐ž๐ง ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก ๐š ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ž ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฎ๐ง๐›๐ซ๐จ๐ค๐ž๐ง ๐š๐ฉ๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ฅ๐ข๐œ ๐œ๐ก๐š๐ข๐ง, ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐ž๐ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐๐จ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐š๐ซ๐ฒ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐จ๐ซ ๐ข๐ง ๐ซ๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐š๐›๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ง๐šฬ„๐ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐“๐š๐ฐ๐šฬ„๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ.

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐ฐ๐จ๐ซ๐ค ๐š๐ฉ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐š๐œ๐ก๐ž๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ข๐ฆ ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐ฉ๐จ๐ฅ๐ž๐ฆ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฒ, ๐›๐ฎ๐ญ ๐š๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฒ, ๐ฌ๐ข๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ข๐ญ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐œ๐ข๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐ฎ๐ฌ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ฉ๐ญ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฎ๐๐ข๐ž๐ฌ, ๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ, ๐ฉ๐š๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ฒ, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ซ๐ฒ.

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐›๐ž๐ ๐ข๐ง๐ฌ ๐›๐ฒ ๐๐ž๐Ÿ๐ข๐ง๐ข๐ง๐  ๐œ๐จ๐ซ๐ž ๐ญ๐ž๐œ๐ก๐ง๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ ๐š๐œ๐ซ๐จ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐›๐จ๐ญ๐ก ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ, ๐ข๐ง๐œ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐š๐ฉ๐ก, ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐ฎ๐ฌ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ฉ๐ญ, ๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐ฏ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ญ, ๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ-๐ญ๐ฒ๐ฉ๐ž, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ๐ฆ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐ฌ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐จ๐ง๐ž ๐ก๐š๐ง๐, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ง๐šฬ„๐, ๐“๐š๐ฐ๐šฬ„๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ, ๐Œ๐š๐ญ๐ง, ๐š๐ง๐ สฟ๐ˆ๐ฅ๐ฆ ๐š๐ฅ-๐‘๐ข๐ฃ๐šฬ„๐ฅ ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐จ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ. ๐๐ฒ ๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐Ÿ๐ฒ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ฉ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐œ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐ž๐ฌ ๐š๐ญ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐จ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ฌ๐ž๐ญ, ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐œ๐ก ๐ž๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐›๐ฅ๐ข๐ฌ๐ก๐ž๐ฌ ๐š ๐ง๐ž๐ฎ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ฅ ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐š๐ฆ๐ž๐ฐ๐จ๐ซ๐ค ๐ญ๐ก๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ ๐ก ๐ฐ๐ก๐ข๐œ๐ก ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐ฆ๐š๐ฒ ๐›๐ž ๐ฆ๐ž๐š๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž๐.

๐ˆ๐ญ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง ๐๐จ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ, ๐ข๐ง ๐œ๐š๐ซ๐ž๐Ÿ๐ฎ๐ฅ ๐๐ž๐ญ๐š๐ข๐ฅ, ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐œ๐ข๐ฉ๐š๐ฅ ๐ž๐ฏ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐š๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ: ๐ž๐ฒ๐ž๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ง๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ๐ก๐ข๐ฉ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐Œ๐š๐ญ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ฐ, ๐Œ๐š๐ซ๐ค, ๐‹๐ฎ๐ค๐ž, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐‰๐จ๐ก๐ง; ๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ๐›๐š๐ญ๐ข๐ฆ ๐ข๐๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐›๐ž๐ญ๐ฐ๐ž๐ž๐ง ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐ฎ๐ฌ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ฉ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐ ๐ข๐ง๐š๐ฅ ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐š๐ฉ๐ก๐ฌ; ๐š๐ง ๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ซ๐ฎ๐ฉ๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฉ๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ฅ๐ข๐œ ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐œ๐ก๐š๐ข๐ง; ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ข๐ฆ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐‚๐ก๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐š๐ง ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ž๐ฑ๐œ๐ž๐ž๐๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ž๐ฉ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐ฌ๐š๐Ÿ๐ž๐ ๐ฎ๐š๐ซ๐๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฎ๐ง๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐ก๐š๐๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐ฌ๐œ๐ข๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ฌ.

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ซ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐๐ž๐ฏ๐จ๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐ฎ๐ฌ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ฉ๐ญ ๐ซ๐ž๐œ๐จ๐ซ๐ ๐ข๐ญ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฅ๐Ÿ. ๐ƒ๐ซ๐š๐ฐ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐จ๐ง ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฉ๐š๐ฉ๐ฒ๐ซ๐ข, ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ญ๐ก- ๐š๐ง๐ ๐Ÿ๐ข๐Ÿ๐ญ๐ก-๐œ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ฒ ๐œ๐จ๐๐ข๐œ๐ž๐ฌ, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฆ๐š๐ฃ๐จ๐ซ ๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ-๐ญ๐ฒ๐ฉ๐ž ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ, ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐œ๐ก ๐๐ž๐ฆ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐š๐›๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ฏ๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐†๐จ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ž๐ฅ ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐š๐ฉ๐ก๐ฌ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐๐จ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ซ๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐š๐œ๐ซ๐จ๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ง๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฌ. ๐๐ฎ๐š๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ญ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐ฏ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ญ ๐š๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฅ๐จ๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐ข๐๐ž ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž๐ ๐œ๐š๐ฌ๐ž ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฎ๐๐ข๐ž๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฉ๐š๐ฌ๐ฌ๐š๐ ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ฐ๐ข๐๐ž๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐š๐œ๐ค๐ง๐จ๐ฐ๐ฅ๐ž๐๐ ๐ž๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ ๐š๐ฌ ๐ฎ๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐›๐ฅ๐ž, ๐ข๐ง๐œ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐Œ๐š๐ซ๐ค ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ”:๐Ÿ—โ€“๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ, ๐‰๐จ๐ก๐ง ๐Ÿ•:๐Ÿ“๐Ÿ‘โ€“๐Ÿ–:๐Ÿ๐Ÿ, ๐‹๐ฎ๐ค๐ž ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ‘:๐Ÿ‘๐Ÿ’, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐‰๐จ๐ก๐ง ๐Ÿ“:๐Ÿ‘๐›โ€“๐Ÿ’.

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐š๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ ๐œ๐š๐ซ๐ž๐Ÿ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฎ๐ข๐ฌ๐ก๐ž๐ฌ ๐›๐ž๐ญ๐ฐ๐ž๐ž๐ง ๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐ฏ๐ข๐š๐ฅ ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐š๐ฉ๐ก๐ข๐œ ๐ฏ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฌ๐ข๐ ๐ง๐ข๐Ÿ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ง๐ญ ๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐๐ข๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ๐ ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž, ๐ฌ๐ก๐จ๐ฐ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ฐ๐ก๐ข๐ฅ๐ž ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐ฒ ๐ฏ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐จ๐ซ, ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ๐š๐ฅ ๐ก๐ข๐ ๐ก-๐ข๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐œ๐ญ ๐ฉ๐š๐ฌ๐ฌ๐š๐ ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐š๐ฅ ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ข๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐›๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ. ๐‚๐จ๐๐ž๐ฑ-๐ฅ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ฅ ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐ข๐ง๐๐ข๐œ๐š๐ญ๐ž ๐ง๐จ๐ง-๐ฎ๐ง๐ข๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ ๐œ๐š๐ง๐จ๐ง๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐›๐จ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ž๐ฌ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ž๐๐ข๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ฅ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐›๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ฌ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ข๐ง ๐ฅ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ซ ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ ๐ž๐ฌ.

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐œ๐ก ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง ๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ง๐ฌ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฉ๐š๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐ญ๐ž๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ฆ๐จ๐ง๐ฒ. ๐’๐ญ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐Ž๐ซ๐ข๐ ๐ž๐ง, ๐‰๐ž๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ๐ž, ๐„๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ž๐›๐ข๐ฎ๐ฌ, ๐‚๐ฅ๐ž๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐€๐ฅ๐ž๐ฑ๐š๐ง๐๐ซ๐ข๐š, ๐๐š๐ฉ๐ข๐š๐ฌ, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐จ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐ž๐ฑ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ, ๐ซ๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐‚๐ก๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐š๐ง ๐š๐ฐ๐š๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐ฎ๐ฌ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ฉ๐ญ ๐๐ข๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ๐ ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ง๐ž๐œ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐จ๐ง. ๐“๐ก๐ž๐ฌ๐ž ๐š๐๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐š๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ž๐ ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐š๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ช๐ฎ๐ž๐ฌ, ๐›๐ฎ๐ญ ๐š๐ฌ ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐๐š๐ญ๐š ๐ฉ๐จ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐Ÿ๐ข๐ซ๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ซ๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐ฐ๐š๐ฌ ๐ซ๐ž๐œ๐จ๐ ๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ž๐ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐œ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ข๐ž๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐‚๐ก๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐š๐ง ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง.

๐€ ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ž๐œ๐ข๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ฌ๐ž๐ ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐Ÿ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐ž๐ฑ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ฌ ๐‚๐ก๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ-๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ฌ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐ฏ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ญ ๐ฅ๐จ๐œ๐ข, ๐ข๐ง๐œ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐‰๐จ๐ก๐ง ๐Ÿ:๐Ÿ๐Ÿ–, ๐Œ๐š๐ซ๐ค ๐Ÿ:๐Ÿ, ๐Œ๐š๐ญ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ฐ ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ’:๐Ÿ‘๐Ÿ”, ๐‹๐ฎ๐ค๐ž ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ:๐Ÿ’๐Ÿ‘โ€“๐Ÿ’๐Ÿ’, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐Œ๐š๐ญ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ฐ ๐Ÿ”:๐Ÿ๐Ÿ‘, ๐๐ž๐ฆ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ญ ๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐ข๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐›๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐š๐ญ ๐ญ๐ข๐ฆ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐ฉ๐š๐ฌ๐ฌ๐š๐ ๐ž๐ฌ ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐ž๐ช๐ฎ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ข๐ง๐ฏ๐จ๐ค๐ž๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐๐จ๐œ๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐š๐ฅ ๐š๐ซ๐ ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง.

๐ˆ๐ง ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ž๐ฅ, ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ฌ ๐š ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž๐ ๐ž๐ฑ๐ฉ๐จ๐ฌ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ฆ๐จ๐๐ž๐ฅ. ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ง๐šฬ„๐ ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐š๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฌ ๐š ๐๐จ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐œ๐ก๐š๐ข๐ง-๐จ๐Ÿ-๐œ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐๐ฒ ๐ฆ๐ž๐œ๐ก๐š๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ ๐ข๐ง ๐ฐ๐ก๐ข๐œ๐ก ๐ง๐š๐ฆ๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐š๐ซ๐ž ๐›๐ข๐จ๐ ๐ซ๐š๐ฉ๐ก๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ž๐ฏ๐š๐ฅ๐ฎ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฉ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐ ๐ซ๐š๐๐ž๐ ๐š๐œ๐œ๐จ๐ซ๐๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ญ๐จ ๐ž๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐›๐ฅ๐ข๐ฌ๐ก๐ž๐ ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐š.

๐“๐š๐ฐ๐šฬ„๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ž๐ฑ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ ๐š๐ฌ ๐š ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐ฆ๐š๐ฌ๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐๐ž๐ฌ๐ข๐ ๐ง๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐š๐ญ๐ž ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฉ๐จ๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐›๐ข๐ฅ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐œ๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐ซ ๐Ÿ๐š๐›๐ซ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง. ๐‘๐š๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐ญ๐ก๐š๐ง ๐ซ๐ž๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐š๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง, ๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐๐ž๐ฌ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐›๐ž๐ฌ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ๐ฆ๐š๐ฅ ๐ž๐ฉ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐š๐ซ๐œ๐ก๐ข๐ญ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž ๐๐ž๐ฏ๐ž๐ฅ๐จ๐ฉ๐ž๐ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐จ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐ž ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ญ๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ฆ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ฅ.

๐“๐ก๐ž ๐Ÿ๐ข๐ง๐š๐ฅ ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐š๐œ๐ž๐ฌ ๐›๐จ๐ญ๐ก ๐ฆ๐จ๐๐ž๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐ฌ๐ข๐๐ž ๐›๐ฒ ๐ฌ๐ข๐๐ž. ๐ˆ๐ญ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐š๐ง๐จ๐ง๐ฒ๐ฆ๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ฌ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐›๐š๐ฅ ๐ฅ๐š๐ฒ๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐ง๐š๐ฆ๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐œ๐ก๐š๐ข๐ง๐ฌ, ๐๐ž๐œ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ฅ๐ข๐ฌ๐ž๐ ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐ฎ๐ฌ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ฉ๐ญ ๐œ๐จ๐ฉ๐ฒ๐ข๐ง๐  ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐๐จ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ง๐š๐ซ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐จ๐ซ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ฎ๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฅ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ซ ๐ž๐๐ข๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐š๐ฅ ๐ก๐š๐ซ๐ฆ๐จ๐ง๐ข๐ฌ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐ฌ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐š๐ฎ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐œ๐ž๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ. ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐š๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ ๐๐จ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ง๐จ๐ญ ๐š๐ซ๐ ๐ฎ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐๐ž๐ฏ๐จ๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐š๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ž๐ฌ ๐›๐ฎ๐ญ ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐๐จ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ซ๐ฒ. ๐ˆ๐ญ๐ฌ ๐œ๐จ๐ง๐œ๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐š๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ฐ๐ก๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ซ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ž๐ฏ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ข๐ฆ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐ง๐ž, ๐ฏ๐ž๐ซ๐›๐š๐ญ๐ข๐ฆ ๐š๐ฉ๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ฅ๐ข๐œ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐œ๐š๐ง ๐›๐ž ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ญ๐š๐ข๐ง๐ž๐ ๐ฐ๐ก๐ž๐ง ๐ฆ๐ž๐š๐ฌ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž๐ ๐š๐ ๐š๐ข๐ง๐ฌ๐ญ ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐ฎ๐ฌ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ฉ๐ญ ๐ž๐ฏ๐ข๐๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ซ๐ฎ๐œ๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ๐ž๐ ๐ž๐ฉ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ.

๐“๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐š๐ซ๐œ๐ก ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ง๐๐ž๐ ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ซ๐ž๐š๐๐ž๐ซ๐ฌ ๐ž๐ง๐ ๐š๐ ๐ž๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ, ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ซ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ, ๐จ๐ซ ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐ซ๐ž๐ฅ๐ข๐ ๐ข๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ข๐ง๐ช๐ฎ๐ข๐ซ๐ฒ. ๐ˆ๐ญ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ž๐ฌ ๐ฆ๐š๐ง๐ฎ๐ฌ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ฉ๐ญ ๐๐š๐ญ๐š, ๐ฉ๐š๐ญ๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐œ ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐œ๐ž๐ฌ, ๐ฆ๐จ๐๐ž๐ซ๐ง ๐ญ๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐œ๐ซ๐ข๐ญ๐ข๐œ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฆ, ๐š๐ง๐ ๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐œ๐š๐ฅ ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐ฆ๐ž๐ญ๐ก๐จ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐จ๐ ๐ฒ ๐ข๐ง๐ญ๐จ ๐š ๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ฅ๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ก๐ž๐ง๐ฌ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐ซ๐š๐ฆ๐ž๐ฐ๐จ๐ซ๐ค. ๐“๐ก๐จ๐ฌ๐ž ๐ฌ๐ž๐ž๐ค๐ข๐ง๐  ๐š ๐๐ž๐ญ๐š๐ข๐ฅ๐ž๐, ๐ฌ๐จ๐ฎ๐ซ๐œ๐ž-๐๐ซ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž๐ง ๐ž๐ฑ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐ง๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐†๐จ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ž๐ฅ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐œ๐ฅ๐š๐ข๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž๐ข๐ซ ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐จ๐ง ๐ฐ๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐ฌ๐œ๐ข๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ฐ๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐Ÿ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ข๐ง ๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐ฐ๐จ๐ซ๐ค ๐š ๐ซ๐ข๐ ๐จ๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐Ÿ๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ฒ ๐๐จ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐ž๐ ๐ญ๐ซ๐ž๐š๐ญ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ฌ๐ฎ๐›๐ฃ๐ž๐œ๐ญ. ๐“๐ก๐ž ๐œ๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐ฅ๐ž๐ญ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ-๐ฉ๐š๐ ๐ž ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ฎ๐๐ฒ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐š๐ฏ๐š๐ข๐ฅ๐š๐›๐ฅ๐ž ๐Ÿ๐จ๐ซ ๐๐จ๐ฐ๐ง๐ฅ๐จ๐š๐ ๐ก๐ž๐ซ๐ž:

๐†๐จ๐ฌ๐ฉ๐ž๐ฅ ๐“๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐š๐ง๐ ๐“๐ž๐ฑ๐ญ๐ฎ๐š๐ฅ ๐๐ซ๐ž๐ฌ๐ž๐ซ๐ฏ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง: ๐€ ๐‚๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐š๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐€๐ง๐š๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐€๐ฉ๐จ๐ฌ๐ญ๐จ๐ฅ๐ข๐œ ๐‚๐ก๐š๐ข๐ง ๐‚๐ฅ๐š๐ข๐ฆ ๐š๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ž ๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐š๐ฆ๐ข๐œ ๐’๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ญ๐ž๐ฆ๐ฌ ๐จ๐Ÿ ๐๐š๐ซ๐ซ๐š๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง (๐ˆ๐ฌ๐ง๐š๐) ๐š๐ง๐ ๐‚๐จ๐ง๐ฌ๐ž๐œ๐ฎ๐ญ๐ข๐ฏ๐ž ๐“๐ซ๐š๐ง๐ฌ๐ฆ๐ข๐ฌ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง (๐“๐š๐ฐ๐šฬ„๐ญ๐ฎ๐ซ)

Gospel Transmission and Textual Preservation A Comparative Analysis of the Apostolic Chain Claim and the Islamic Systems of Narration (Isnad) and Consecutive Transmission (Tawฤtur)Download

๐€๐ฅ๐ฅ๐š๐ก ๐Š๐ง๐จ๐ฐ๐ฌ ๐๐ž๐ฌ๐ญ.

๐‘๐ž๐Ÿ๐ž๐ซ๐ž๐ง๐œ๐ž๐ฌ:

32 Christian scholars backed up by 50 Christian cooperating denominations, confess King James version has grave defects.

Quran confirms the Corruption of the Torah and Gospels

32 Christian scholars Backed up by 50 Christian cooperating denominations confesses King James Version has grave defects.

Evidence that the corruption of the New Testament had a profound impact on the corruption and distortion of the original doctrine preached by the Prophet Jesus, son of Mary

The Schizophrenia and Christian madness: A God creates his mother so that she may give birth to him

Paul the False Apostle of Satan

Global Acknowledgment: Non-Muslim Scholarsโ€™ Confirmation of Quran and Hadith Preservation

Understanding Differences in Qirฤสพฤt (Recitations) of the Glorious Holy Quran

Did Devotees (Ribbฤซyลซn) fight with him, or were Devotees (Ribbฤซyลซn) killed with him? Quran (3:146)

How many different types of Bibles exist, and are there different types of Qurโ€™ans?

The Quran (61:6) indicates that Prophet Jesus prophesied about a coming Prophet, Muhammed. What are these Biblical Prophecies?

Debunking the lies that there are 26 Qurans.

๐๐ข๐›๐ฅ๐ž ๐’๐‚๐‡๐Ž๐‹๐€๐‘๐’ ๐‹๐ž๐š๐ฏ๐ž ๐‚๐ก๐ซ๐ข๐ฌ๐ญ๐ข๐š๐ง๐ข๐ญ๐ฒ | ๐Œ๐ฒ๐ญ๐ก๐•๐ข๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐ƒ๐จ๐œ๐ฎ๐ฆ๐ž๐ง๐ญ๐š๐ซ๐ฒ

Christian Scholars Recognize Contradictions In The Bible

How Prophet Muhammad (Pbuh) Was Viewed By Non-Muslim Intellectuals

Uncomfortable Questions: An Authoritative Exposition

What is the 1924 standardized Quran?

The Bible: The Most Edited Book in History

The Prophets from the Perspective of the Corrupted Torah

Christian Scholars Recognize Contradictions in the Bible

The Glorious Holy Quran and Science

David Wood (Christian apologist)

The Most Notorious Christian Devilishist Jay Smith Desperately Squirming.

The Man Who Challenged the Quran-Gary Miller

Proof of The Preservation of the Quran

Refuting the 26 Qurโ€™ans Lie

Shredding the Gospels: Contradictions, Errors, Mistakes, Fictions

Seven Ahruf Scheme and the Centrality of the Prophetic Precedent

The revelation of the Qurโ€™an in seven styles (ahruf, sing. harf)

How do we know that Qurโ€™an has not been changed?

Quran Preservation & Compilation -1 (Prophetโ€™s lifetime)

Quran Preservation & Compilation -2 (Circumstances during Abu Bakrโ€™s time)

Quran Preservation & Compilation -3 (under Abu Bakr)

Quran Preservation & Compilation -4 (under โ€˜Uthman)

The Revelation and Compilation of Quran โ€“ History Covered

101 Proofs that the Quran is Not Copied from the Bible

6 Reasons Qurโ€™an Cannot Be a Copy of Bible

Paul the False Apostle of Satan

Atheism

The Orientalists, The Bible & The Qurโ€™รขn: A Brief Review of The Bible Borrowing Theories

The Collection, Arrangement, and the Preservation of the Glorious Quran

What contradictions exist within the Quran? Contradictions in the Quran?

The Collection, Arrangement, and the Preservation of the Glorious Quran

False Accusations Against Uthman Ibn Affan

There is only ONE Qurโ€™an

Was the Originally Compiled Qurโ€™an During the Era of Abu Bakr Incomplete?

Hadith Preservation Response

Why Didnโ€™t God Preserve The Previous Books?

Answering Missionary Allegations Against the Noble Qurโ€™anโ€™s Preservation

Why Didnโ€™t God Preserve The Previous Books?

Was the Originally Compiled Qurโ€™an During the Era of Abu Bakr Incomplete?

What contradictions exist within the Quran? Contradictions in the Quran?

refuted the borrowing theories of the Qurโ€™รขn

Christian Scholars refuting the status of the NT as an inspired scripture

 Context & Internal Relationships

Refutation Of The Internal Contradictions In The Qurโ€™รขn

The Defense of The Qurโ€™รขn Against The Bible Borrowing Theory

The Revelation and Compilation of Quran โ€“ History Covered