๐๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ ๐๐ก๐๐ฆโฆ ๐ ๐ข๐ญ๐ง๐ (๐๐ข๐ฌ๐๐๐ฅ๐ข๐๐) ๐๐ฌ ๐๐จ๐ซ๐ฌ๐ ๐๐ก๐๐ง ๐๐ข๐ฅ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ โ? โ ๐๐ฎ๐ซ๐๐ง (๐:๐๐๐โ๐๐๐)
Mohamad Mostafa Nassar
Twitter:@NassarMohamadMR
๐๐๐๐ค๐ ๐ซ๐จ๐ฎ๐ง๐
These verses were revealed at the treaty of Hudaybiyah, or just after it (Asbab Al-Nuzul by Al-Wahidi, Tafsir Jalalayn, and Tafsir Ibn Kathir).
๐๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ฒ๐ฌ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐๐ซ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ
As noted from our previous article, we showed from Muslim and non-Muslim scholars that the verse was revealed at a time when the Muslims were being persecuted by the Quraish. The scholars pointed out that the Arabic word โfitnaโ used for the verse means, โpersecutionโ, and โoppressionโ i.e., that the verse showed Muslims who were being persecuted for their beliefs, that they were allowed to fight back against the oppressors. To end the persecution and let man be free to practice their religion without interference from anyone.
๐๐๐ญ ๐ฎ๐ฌ ๐ซ๐๐๐ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐:๐๐๐ โ ๐๐๐ ๐ญ๐จ ๐ ๐๐ญ ๐ ๐๐๐ญ๐ญ๐๐ซ ๐ฎ๐ง๐๐๐ซ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐ง๐๐ข๐ง๐ ๐จ๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ ๐ฏ๐๐ซ๐ฌ๐๐ฌ:
Fight in the way of God those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed. Allah does not like transgressors. 2:190
And kill them wherever you overtake them and expel them from wherever they have expelled you, and fitnah is worse than killing. And do not fight them at al-Masjid al- Haram until they fight you there. But if they fight you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers. 2:191And if they cease, then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful. 2:192
Fight them until there is no [more] fitnah and [until] worship is [acknowledged to be] for Allah. But if they cease, then there is to be no aggression except against the oppressors. 2:193
[Fighting in] the sacred month is for [aggression committed in] the sacred month, and for [all] violations is legal retribution. So whoever has assaulted you, then assault him in the same way that he has assaulted you. And fear Allah and know that Allah is with those who fear Him. 2:194
And spend in the way of Allah and do not throw [yourselves] with your [own] hands into destruction [by refraining]. And do good; indeed, Allah loves the doers of good. 2:195
1. 2:190 โ This verse tells us to โfight those who fight youโ i.e., self-defence, but at the same time commands Muslims not to transgress, 1400 years ago (Tanwir al-Miqbas min Tafsir Ibn Abbas and Asbab Al-Nuzul by Al-Wahidi).
2. The next verse (2:191) tells us that the killing involved in the incident was only aimed at those who tried (or did) expelling people by force (Tafsir al-Jalalayn, Tanwir al-Miqbas min Tafsir Ibn Abbas, and Tafsir Ibn Kathir).
2.1 The next sentence in the verse is the favorite part which some critics twist. It goes like this, โand fitnah is worse than killingโ, translated by them as โdisbelief (fitna) is worse than killingโ.
Their made up interpretation for this verse is that it sanctions killing of non-Muslims, just for following and believing in another religion. This is not true. In fact, the next sentence in the same verse (2:191) under discussion tells Muslims the following:
โโฆAnd do not fight them at al-Masjid al- Haram until they fight you there. But if they fight you, then kill themโฆโ โ Quran 2:191
The intended meaning for the passage on โfitnaโ is understood by classical scholars to mean, to hinder and forcefully make Muslims disbelieve in the message of Islam is worse than killing (Mujahid Ibn Jabr (645-722 AD), Tafsir In Kathir and Tafsir Jalalayn). The verse intended meaning was aimed at those early Muslims who were persecuted and killed, just for believing in Islam. The Quraysh forcefully made Muslims leave the religion of Islam, under persecution.
If the verse as some claim sanctions the killing of non-Muslims, on account of their faith, the same verse wouldnโt say to the Muslims not to start fighting until they fight first. Hence, just reading the verse shows that it was a war of self-defense.
The verse commanded faithful believers then to fight, to end persecution (fitna) as the following Muslim and non-Muslim Quran translations state for 2:191.
๐๐จ๐ง-๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ ๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐ฅ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Arthur John Arberry And slay them wherever you come upon them, and expel them from where they expelled you; persecution is more grievous than slaying. But fight them not by the Holy Mosque until they should fight you there; then, if they fight you, slay them โ such is the recompense of unbelievers. Quran 2:191
๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ ๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐ฅ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ:
Muhammad Asad And slay them wherever you may come upon them, and drive them away from wherever they drove you away โ for oppression is even worse than killingโฆ
M. M. Pickthall And slay them wherever ye find them, and drive them out of the places whence they drove you out, for persecution is worse than slaughter. โฆ
Shakir And kill them wherever you find them, and drive them out from whence they drove you out, and persecution is severer than slaughterโฆ
Yusuf Ali (Saudi Rev. 1985) And slay them wherever ye catch them, and turn them out from where they have Turned you out; for tumult and oppression are worse than slaughterโฆ
Yusuf Ali (Orig. 1938) And slay them wherever ye catch them, and turn them out from where they have Turned you out; for tumult and oppression are worse than slaughterโฆ
Dr. Laleh Bakhtiar And kill them wherever you came upon them, and drive them out from wherever they drove you out. And persecution is more grave than killingโฆ
Wahiduddin Khan Slay them wherever you find them [those who fight against you];[2] drive them out of the places from which they drove you, for [religious] persecution is worse than killingโฆ
[The Monotheist Group] (2011 Edition) And kill them wherever you find them, and expel them from where they expelled you, and know that persecution is worse than being killedโฆ
Abdel Haleem Kill them wherever you encounter them, and drive them out from where they drove you out, for persecution is more serious than killingโฆ
Ahmed Ali And fight those (who fight you) wheresoever you find them, and expel them from the place they had turned you out from. Oppression is worse than killingโฆ
Hamid S. Aziz Kill them wherever you find them, and drive them out from whence they drive you out; for persecution (oppression or sedition) is worse than slaughterโฆ
Shabbir Ahmed (But if they keep on fighting), subdue them wherever you find them. And drive them out from where they have driven you out. For, oppression, cruelty and persecution are even more severely destructive than the killingโฆ
Syed Vickar Ahamed And slay them (who fight against Allahโs cause) wherever you catch them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out; For persecution and injustice are worse than killingโฆ
Dr. Munir Munshey Kill them wherever you find them. Expel them from where they drove you away. Persecution and oppression are worse than killingโฆ
Dr. Kamal Omar And kill them wherever you overpower them and extern them from where they have externed you. And tumult and oppression (are) worse than slaughterโฆ
Talal A. Itani (new translation) And kill them wherever you overtake them, and expel them from where they had expelled you. Oppression is more serious than murder.
Bilal Muhammad (2013 Edition) And slay them wherever you catch them. And drive them out from where they have driven you out, for oppression is worse than slaughterโฆ
Maududi Fight against them wherever they confront you in combat and drive them out from where they drove you out. Though killing is bad, persecution is worse than killingโฆ
[The Monotheist Group] (2013 Edition) And kill them wherever you encounter them, and expel them from where they expelled you, and know that persecution is worse than being killedโฆ
Bijan Moeinian Face your enemies anywhere they challenge you and take back your lost lands/ homes from them. [Although killing, which is inevitable in fight is bad,] persecution is worth than killingโฆ
Maulana Muhammad Ali And kill them wherever you find them, and drive them out of where they drove you out, and persecution is worse than slaughterโฆ
Sher Ali And slay these transgressors wherever you meet them and drive them out from where they have driven you out; for persecution is worst than slayingโฆ
Rashad Khalifa You may kill those who wage war against you, and you may evict them whence they evicted you. Oppression is worse than murderโฆ
Sayyed Abbas Sadr-Ameli And slay them wherever you find them, and drive them away from where they drove you away. And persecution is more grievous than slaughterโฆ
Mir Aneesuddin And kill them wherever you find them and drive them out from the place from where they drove you out, for persecution is severer than slaughterโฆ
Mohammad Shafi And kill them wherever you find them, amd turn them out from where they turned you out. For, persecution is worse than killingโฆ
The reason why the verse (2:191) emphasizes that oppression (persecution) is worse than killing, is when one dies, one does not feel any more pain. Whereas when a human-being is persecuted, and oppressed, the physical pain and mental trauma the victim receives from the oppressor is continuous. That is why persecution and oppression is worse. Hence, the verse highlights people that lived 1400 years to fight persecution.
3. The next verses give us more evidence that the verses were revealed to make the Quraish cease hostilities, and stop persecuting Muslims:
โAnd if they cease, then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.โ โ Quran 2:192
โFight them until there is no [more] fitnah and [until] worship is [acknowledged to be] for Allah. But if they cease, then there is to be no aggression except against the oppressors.โ Quran โ 2:193
Notice, the verse says if they โceaseโ, then God is Forgiving and Merciful. Meaning that if they stop fighting and persecuting the Muslims for their beliefs, God would forgive their past acts against the believers.
Moreover, look the word โfitnaโ (persecution) is used again in this verse. From the same sentence in 2:193, the verse tells us that if the oppressors cease from aggression then they should be left alone. But if they continue with their ways in persecuting and killing Muslims, then they were allowed to fight back. This shows that these verses were revealed as a result of the Muslims at the time only wanting to live freely to practice their religion.
3.1 A point is made by some, what does the following sentence mean in โuntil worship is for Godโ?
โโฆuntil there is no [more] fitnah and [until] worship is [acknowledged to be] for Allahโฆ 2:193โ
When we read the part before โworshipโ is mentioned we get clear picture what verse means. Here we are told that the aim for the Muslims 1400 years ago was that there be no more persecution and that people be free โacknowledge worship for Allahโ i.e., man is free to follow his religion without getting persecuted, and oppressed for their beliefs by tyrants.
Different Quran translations for for 2:193 that โfitnaโ means persecution (oppression).
๐๐จ๐ง-๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ ๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐ฅ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Arthur John Arberry Fight them, till there is no persecution and the religion is Godโs; then if they give over, there shall be no enmity save for evildoers.
๐๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ฅ๐ข๐ฆ ๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐ฌ๐ฅ๐๐ญ๐ข๐จ๐ง๐ฌ:
Muhammad Asad Hence, fight against them until there is no more oppressionโฆ
M. M. Pickthall And fight them until persecution is no moreโฆ
Shakir And fight with them until there is no persecutionโฆ
Yusuf Ali (Saudi Rev. 1985) And fight them on until there is no more Tumult or oppressionโฆ
Yusuf Ali (Orig. 1938) And fight them on until there is no more Tumult or oppressionโฆ
Dr. Laleh Bakhtiar And fight them until there be no persecutionโฆ
Wahiduddin Khan Fight them until there is no more fitna [religious persecution]โฆ
[Al-Muntakhab] And fight them until persecution endsโฆ
[The Monotheist Group] (2011 Edition) And fight them so there is no more persecutionโฆ
Abdel Haleem Fight them until there is no more persecutionโฆ
Hamid S. Aziz But fight them until there be no more oppression (persecution or sedition)โฆ
Shabbir Ahmed And fight the aggressors until persecution is eliminated and there remains no compulsion or coercion in religionโฆ
Syed Vickar Ahamed And keep fighting them until there is no more persecution and injusticeโฆ
If they desist, let there be no hostility except against the oppressors.
Dr. Kamal Omar And fight them to kill until there is no more tumult and oppressionโฆ
Talal A. Itani (new translation) And fight them until there is no oppressionโฆ
Bilal Muhammad (2013 Edition) And fight against them until there is no more oppressionโฆ
[The Monotheist Group] (2013 Edition) And fight them so there is no more persecutionโฆ
Maulana Muhammad Ali And fight them until there is no persecutionโฆ
Sher Ali And fight them until there is no persecutionโฆ
Rashad Khalifa You may also fight them to eliminate oppressionโฆ
Amatul Rahman Omar And fight them until persecution is no moreโฆ
Ahmed Hulusi Fight them until the fitnah (the pressure to make you give up your faith) is lifted and you are able to practice the religion of Allah as you like. If they cease (pressuring and fighting), there is no hostility except against the wrongdoers.
Sayyed Abbas Sadr-Ameli And fight with them until there is no (more) persecutionโฆ
Mir Aneesuddin And fight with them till there is no persecutionโฆ
Mohammad Shafi And fight with them until persecution exists no moreโฆ
4. Letโs read the last part of the verse (2:194):
โ[Fighting in] the sacred month is for [aggression committed in] the sacred month, and for [all] violations is legal retribution. So whoever has assaulted you, then assault him in the same way that he has assaulted you. And fear Allah and know that Allah is with those who fear Him.โ Quran 2:194
We read that if a person โassaultsโ you then you can assault the person back the same way perpetrator did (Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Tafsir Jalalayn, Tanwir al-Miqbas min Tafsir Ibn โAbbas). Clear self-defense here!
๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฆ๐๐ง๐ญ๐๐ซ๐ข๐๐ฌ
Some of the earliest exegesis on the Quran state that the verses (2:190-194) where it mentions โfitnaโ, was in reference to the Muslims who were getting persecuted, so much so that they would abandon their faith.
๐๐ฎ๐ฃ๐๐ก๐ข๐ ๐๐๐ง ๐๐๐๐ซ (๐๐๐-๐๐๐ ๐๐):
โFitna is worse than killing
The fitna to which they are subjecting you, trying to make you return to disbelief, is worse than killing. Mujahid said it is referring to the believers, so the meaning is that being killed is better for a believer than being subjected to fitna. โฆโ (Tafsir Al Qurtubi, Classical Commentary Of The Holy Qurโan, [Dar al-Taqwa] volume 1, page 492)
๐๐๐๐ฌ๐ข๐ซ ๐๐๐ง ๐๐๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ซ (๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐ ๐๐):
โConcerning the verse โIf two groups of believers fall to fightingโ Q. 49.9) and โfight against them until there is no โfitnahโโ (Q.2:193), he answered: โWe done all this in the time of Prophet. At that time, we came minority so that a Moslem was be faced by fitnah in his religion, either he would be killed or would be the victim of oppression. When the Moslem community grows as powerful adherents, killing oppression has gone.โ
Based on this argument, we can conclude that โfitnahโ should be defined as any oppression or forcing Moslem to do or not to do something against his rights as human being; all this being ratio legis or cause to proclaim fight against oppressor or those who want to kill them.โ (See Ibn Kathir, Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1986), volume, page 227 โ 229)
๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ฎ๐ซ-๐-๐๐ฎ๐ซโ๐๐ง (๐๐จ๐ง๐๐๐ซ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐ฏ๐๐ซ ๐๐ก๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ซโ๐๐ง) โ ๐๐๐ก๐จ๐ฅ๐๐ซ ๐๐ฆ๐ข๐ง ๐๐กฬฃ๐ฌ๐๐ง ๐๐ฌฬฃ๐ฅ๐๐กฬฃ๐ข (๐๐๐๐-๐๐๐๐):
โโfor persecution and oppression are worse than slaughterโ
The Word fitnah here means the use of force and violence to make a person change his religion, a phenomenon commonly known as persecution. The Qurโan uses it in this sense at several places: โThose who persecute (fatanu) believing men and women, and then do not turn in repentance, will have Hellโs sufferingโ (al-Buruj, 85, 85:10); โbut none believed in Moses except some children of his people,because of the fear of Pharoah and his chiefs, lest they should persecute them (yaftina-hum)โ (Yunus, 10:83); and โThen surely your sustainer, to those who leave their homes after trials and persecutions (min baโdi ma futini)โฆ (an0Nahl, 16:110).
This explains the justification for permitting the Muslims to fight against the polytheists if they attacked them, even within the precincts of the sacred Mosque or in the sacred months. This short sentence means that although waging war in the sacred Months and within the precincts of the Sacred Mosque is a serious offence, persecuting men and women merely on account of their belief in Allah is far greater offence than killing.
The Muslims are granted permission to fight back and retaliate against the disbelievers promptly and effectively.โ (Tadabbur-e-Qurโan (Pondering Over The Qurโan) Tafsir of Surah al-Fatihan and Surah al-Baqarah [Translation: Muhammad Saleem Kayani, 2006], By Amin Aแธฅsan Iแนฃlaแธฅi, volume 1, page 486 โ 487)
๐๐ฎ๐ซโ๐๐ง๐ข๐ ๐๐๐ฒ๐ฐ๐จ๐ซ๐๐ฌ: ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ซ๐๐ง๐๐ ๐๐ฎ๐ข๐๐ โ ๐๐๐๐ฎ๐ซ ๐๐๐ฌ๐ก๐ข๐ ๐๐ข๐๐๐ข๐ช๐ฎ๐ข:
โB. PERSECUTION
The word fitnah is also used for the persecution of believers. The persecution by Pharaoh of Bani Israโil (Yunus 10:83), and of the believers by the Ashab al-Ukhdud (the makers of the pit fire) (al-Buruj 85:10), is termed fitnah. In this sense the Fitnah is regarded as worse than killing and warfar (al-Baqarah 2:191 and 217).โ (Qurโanic Keywords: A Reference Guide By Abdur Rashid Siddiqui, page 61)
ADDENDUM:
The claim that the Quran ordered the early companions of Muhammed to fight against โfitnaโ, they assert here that they were ordered to fight non-Muslims merely because of they not believing in Islam. This claim has no foundation whatsoever when one looks at the earliest sources of Islam.
๐๐ก๐ ๐๐จ๐ฅ๐ฅ๐จ๐ฐ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐๐๐๐ข๐ญ๐ก ๐ฌ๐๐ฒ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐ ๐๐จ๐ฆ๐ฉ๐๐ง๐ข๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐ ๐ฉ๐ซ๐จ๐ฉ๐ก๐๐ญ ๐๐ฎ๐ก๐๐ฆ๐ฆ๐๐ (๐ฉ) ๐๐ง๐ ๐ก๐ ๐๐ฅ๐๐ซ๐ข๐๐ข๐๐ฌ ๐ฐ๐ก๐๐ญ ๐ข๐ฌ ๐ฆ๐๐๐ง๐ญ ๐๐ฒ โ๐๐ข๐ญ๐ง๐โ (ููุชูููุฉู):
โNarrated Sa`id bin Jubair:`Abdullah bin `Umar came to us and we hoped that he would narrate to us a good Hadith. But before we asked him, a man got up and said to him, โO Abu `Abdur-Rahman! Narrate to us about the battles during the time of the afflictions, as Allah says:โ
โAnd fight them until there is no more afflictions (i.e. no more worshipping of others besides Allah).’โ (2.193) Ibn `Umar said (to the man), โDo you know what is meant by afflictions? Let your mother bereave you! Muhammad used to fight against the pagans, FOR A MUSLIM WAS PUT TO TRIAL IN HIS RELIGION (THE PAGANS WILL EITHER KILL HIM OR CHAIN HIM AS A CAPTIVE). His fighting was not like your fighting which is carried on for the sake of ruling.
Arabic:
ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุฅูุณูุญูุงูู ุงููููุงุณูุทููููุ ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุฎูุงููุฏูุ ุนููู ุจูููุงููุ ุนููู ููุจูุฑูุฉู ุจููู ุนูุจูุฏู ุงูุฑููุญูู ูููุ ุนููู ุณูุนููุฏู ุจููู ุฌูุจูููุฑูุ ููุงูู ุฎูุฑูุฌู ุนูููููููุง ุนูุจูุฏู ุงูููููู ุจููู ุนูู ูุฑู ููุฑูุฌูููููุง ุฃููู ููุญูุฏููุซูููุงุ ุญูุฏููุซูุง ุญูุณูููุง ู ููุงูู ู ููุจูุงุฏูุฑูููุง ุฅููููููู ุฑูุฌููู ููููุงูู ููุง ุฃูุจูุง ุนูุจูุฏู ุงูุฑููุญูู ููู ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุนููู ุงููููุชูุงูู ููู ุงููููุชูููุฉู ููุงูููููู ููููููู โ{โููููุงุชููููููู ู ุญูุชููู ูุงู ุชูููููู ููุชูููุฉูโ}โ ููููุงูู ูููู ุชูุฏูุฑูู ู ูุง ุงููููุชูููุฉู ุซูููููุชููู ุฃูู ููููุ ุฅููููู ูุง ููุงูู ู ูุญูู ููุฏู ุตูู ุงููู ุนููู ูุณูู ููููุงุชููู ุงููู ูุดูุฑููููููุ ููููุงูู ุงูุฏููุฎูููู ููู ุฏููููููู ู ููุชูููุฉูุ ููููููุณู ููููุชูุงููููู ู ุนูููู ุงููู ูููููโ.โ โ (Sahih al-Bukhari volume 9, Book 88, Hadith 215 https://sunnah.com/bukhari/92/46)
That above hadith says fighting canโt be โfor leadershipโ/supremacy. The fitna fighting was in relation to persecution and oppression. Here is a longer version:
โNarrated Nafi: During the affliction of Ibn Az-Zubair, two men came to Ibn `Umar and said, โThe people are lost, and you are the son of `Umar, and the companion of the Prophet, so what forbids you from coming out?โ He said, โWhat forbids me is that Allah has prohibited the shedding of my brotherโs blood.โ They both said, โDidnโt Allah say, โAnd fight then until there is no more affliction?โ
He said โWe fought until there was no more affliction and the worship is for Allah (Alone while you want to fight until there is affliction and until the worship become for other than Allah.โ โฆ Wonโt you listen to why Allah has mentioned in His Book:
โIf two groups of believers fight each other, then make peace between them, but if one of then transgresses beyond bounds against the other, then you all fight against the one that transgresses. (49.9) and:โโAND FIGHT THEM TILL THERE IS NO MORE AFFLICTION (FITNA ููุชูููุฉู).โ
Ibn `Umar said, โWE DID IT, DURING THE LIFETIME OF ALLAHโS MESSENGER WHEN ISLAM HAD ONLY A FEW FOLLOWERS. A MAN WOULD BE PUT TO TRIAL BECAUSE OF HIS RELIGION; HE WOULD EITHER BE KILLED OR TORTURED. BUT WHEN THE MUSLIMS INCREASED, THERE WAS NO MORE AFFLICTIONS OR OPPRESSIONS (FITNA). โฆ
Arabic
ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ู
ูุญูู
ููุฏู ุจููู ุจูุดููุงุฑูุ ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุนูุจูุฏู ุงูููููููุงุจูุ ุญูุฏููุซูููุง ุนูุจูููุฏู ุงููููููุ ุนููู ููุงููุนูุ ุนููู ุงุจููู ุนูู
ูุฑู ู ุฑุถู ุงููู ุนููู
ุง ู ุฃูุชูุงูู ุฑูุฌููุงููู ููู ููุชูููุฉู ุงุจููู ุงูุฒููุจูููุฑู ููููุงูุงู ุฅูููู ุงููููุงุณู ููุฏู ุถููููุนููุงุ ููุฃูููุชู ุงุจููู ุนูู
ูุฑู ููุตูุงุญูุจู ุงููููุจูููู ุตูู ุงููู ุนููู ูุณูู
ููู
ูุง ููู
ูููุนููู ุฃููู ุชูุฎูุฑูุฌู ููููุงูู ููู
ูููุนูููู ุฃูููู ุงูููููู ุญูุฑููู
ู ุฏูู
ู ุฃูุฎููโ.โ ููููุงูุงู ุฃูููู
ู ูููููู ุงูููููู โ{โููููุงุชููููููู
ู ุญูุชููู ูุงู ุชูููููู ููุชูููุฉู โ}โ ููููุงูู ููุงุชูููููุง ุญูุชููู ููู
ู ุชููููู ููุชูููุฉูุ ููููุงูู ุงูุฏููููู ูููููููุ ููุฃูููุชูู
ู ุชูุฑููุฏูููู ุฃููู ุชูููุงุชููููุง ุญูุชููู ุชูููููู ููุชูููุฉูุ ููููููููู ุงูุฏููููู ููุบูููุฑู ุงููููููโ.โ ููุฒูุงุฏู ุนูุซูู
ูุงูู ุจููู ุตูุงููุญู ุนููู ุงุจููู ููููุจูุ ููุงูู ุฃูุฎูุจูุฑูููู ูููุงูููุ ููุญูููููุฉู ุจููู ุดูุฑูููุญูุ ุนููู ุจูููุฑู ุจููู ุนูู
ูุฑูู ุงููู
ูุนูุงููุฑููููุ ุฃูููู ุจูููููุฑู ุจููู ุนูุจูุฏู ุงููููููุ ุญูุฏููุซููู ุนููู ููุงููุนูุ ุฃูููู ุฑูุฌููุงูุ ุฃูุชูู ุงุจููู ุนูู
ูุฑู ููููุงูู ููุง ุฃูุจูุง ุนูุจูุฏู ุงูุฑููุญูู
ููู ู
ูุง ุญูู
ููููู ุนูููู ุฃููู ุชูุญูุฌูู ุนูุงู
ูุง ููุชูุนูุชูู
ูุฑู ุนูุงู
ูุงุ ููุชูุชูุฑููู ุงููุฌูููุงุฏู ููู ุณูุจูููู ุงูููููู ุนูุฒูู ููุฌููููุ ููููุฏู ุนูููู
ูุชู ู
ูุง ุฑูุบููุจู ุงูููููู ููููู ููุงูู ููุง ุงุจููู ุฃูุฎูู ุจููููู ุงูุฅูุณููุงูู
ู ุนูููู ุฎูู
ูุณู ุฅููู
ูุงูู ุจูุงูููููู ููุฑูุณููููููุ ููุงูุตูููุงูุฉู ุงููุฎูู
ูุณูุ ููุตูููุงู
ู ุฑูู
ูุถูุงููุ ููุฃูุฏูุงุกู ุงูุฒููููุงุฉูุ ููุญูุฌูู ุงููุจูููุชูโ.โ ููุงูู ููุง ุฃูุจูุง ุนูุจูุฏู ุงูุฑููุญูู
ูููุ ุฃููุงู ุชูุณูู
ูุนู ู
ูุง ุฐูููุฑู ุงูููููู ููู ููุชูุงุจููู โ{โููุฅููู ุทูุงุฆูููุชูุงูู ู
ููู ุงููู
ูุคูู
ูููููู ุงููุชูุชููููุง ููุฃูุตูููุญููุง ุจูููููููู
ูุงโ}โ โ{โุฅูููู ุฃูู
ูุฑู ุงููููููโ}โ โ{โููุงุชููููููู
ู ุญูุชููู ูุงู ุชูููููู ููุชูููุฉูโ}โ ููุงูู ููุนูููููุง ุนูููู ุนูููุฏู ุฑูุณูููู ุงูููููู ุตูู ุงููู ุนููู ูุณูู
ููููุงูู ุงูุฅูุณููุงูู
ู ููููููุงูุ ููููุงูู ุงูุฑููุฌููู ููููุชููู ููู ุฏูููููู ุฅูู
ููุง ููุชููููููุ ููุฅูู
ููุง ููุนูุฐููุจููููุ ุญูุชููู ููุซูุฑู ุงูุฅูุณููุงูู
ู ููููู
ู ุชููููู ููุชูููุฉูโ.โ ููุงูู ููู
ูุง ูููููููู ููู ุนูููููู ููุนูุซูู
ูุงูู ููุงูู ุฃูู
ููุง ุนูุซูู
ูุงูู ููููุฃูููู ุงูููููู ุนูููุง ุนูููููุ ููุฃูู
ููุง ุฃูููุชูู
ู ููููุฑูููุชูู
ู ุฃููู ุชูุนููููุง ุนูููููุ ููุฃูู
ููุง ุนูููููู ููุงุจููู ุนูู
ูู ุฑูุณูููู ุงูููููู ุตูู ุงููู ุนููู ูุณูู
ููุฎูุชูููููโ.โ ููุฃูุดูุงุฑู ุจูููุฏููู ููููุงูู ููุฐูุง ุจูููุชููู ุญูููุซู ุชูุฑูููููโ.โ
โ (Sahih al-Bukhari volume 6, Book 60, Hadith 40 https://sunnah.com/urn/41950)
And:
Narrated Ibn `Umar: โฆ Ibn `Umar said, โO son of my brother! I would rather be blamed for not fighting because of this Verse than to be blamed because of another Verse where Allah says: โAnd whoever kills a believer intentionallyโฆโ (4.93) Then that man said, โAllah says:โ
โAnd fight them until there is no more afflictions (worshipping other besides Allah) and the religion (i.e. worship) will be all for Allah (Alone)โ (8.39) Ibn `Umar said, โWe did this during the lifetime of Allahโs Messenger when the number of Muslims was small, and A MAN WAS PUT TO TRIAL BECAUSE OF HIS RELIGION, THE PAGANS WOULD EITHER KILL OR CHAIN HIM; BUT WHEN THE MUSLIMS INCREASED (AND ISLAM SPREAD), THERE WAS NO PERSECUTION (FITNA).โ
When that man saw that Ibn `Umar did not agree to his proposal, he said, โWhat is your opinion regarding `Ali and `Uthman?โ Ibn `Umar said, โWhat is my opinion regarding `Ali and `Uthman? As for `Uthman, Allah forgave him and you disliked to forgive him, and `Ali is the cousin and son-in-law of Allahโs Messenger.โ Then he pointed out with his hand and said, โAnd that is his daughterโs (house) which you can see.โ (Sahih al-Bukhari volume 6, Book 60, Hadith 173 https://sunnah.com/urn/43280)
๐๐ง๐ ๐ญ๐ก๐ข๐ฌ ๐ซ๐๐ฉ๐จ๐ซ๐ญ ๐๐ซ๐จ๐ฆ ๐ ๐๐ญ๐ก ๐๐ฅ-๐๐๐ซ๐ข:
โโAnd fight them until there is no more FITNAHโฆโ
Ibn Umar said, โWe did that during the time of The Messenger of Allah when Islam was weak and the man would be tried in religion, EITHER TORMENTED TO DEATH OR BEING IMPRISONED. When Islam became stronger and widespread, there was no more Fitnah.โ โฆโ (Fath al-Bari volume 8, page 160) (Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Abridged) [Abridged by A Group of Scholars Under The Supervision Of Shaykh Safiur-Rahman Al-Mubarakpuri. Maktaba Dar-us-Salam โ Second Edition, 2003] volume 4 page 314)
Ibn Kathir explains that โfitnahโ in Surah 8:39-41 is understood classically to mean that a Muslim is persecuted so much that he may abandon his religion. In his footnote he provides Ibn Abi Hatim (854 โ 938 AD) who also has this opinion:
โโuntil there is no Fitnahโ the Fitnah mentioned here means, until no Muslims is PERSECUTED so that he abandons his religion.โ (Ibn Abi Hatim volume 5, page 1701) (Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Abridged) [Abridged by A Group of Scholars Under The Supervision Of Shaykh Safiur-Rahman Al-Mubarakpuri. Maktaba Dar-us-Salam โ Second Edition, 2003] volume 4 page 314)
When some commentaries or the above Hadith say fitna in connection with โno more worshipping of others besides Allahโ in brackets, one should note here this is in reference to some Muslims who were forcefully converted to polytheism (Shirk) and thus they had to worship idols or gods of the persecutors. Thus no more shirk in the sense of them (persecutors) not being able to persecute an individual where they may fall back into polytheism due to the oppression.
๐๐จ๐ง๐๐ฅ๐ฎ๐ฌ๐ข๐จ๐ง:
Having analysed the verses, one can clearly see that these verses were revealed at a time when the Muslims, 1400 years ago, were getting persecuted by the Quraysh. As shown, these verses have nothing to do with harming innocent non-believers. They were revealed concerning those who used to oppress, persecute and kill Muslims. [5] [6]
Related article:
โShirk Or Persecution โ What does The Word Fitna Mean?โ
Quran (8:39) โ โAnd fight With Them Until There Is No More Fitna (Persecution)โ
โShirk Or Persecution โ What does The Word Fitna Mean?โ
What is the explanation of the Quran (8:39)
Paul The False Apostle of Satan
References:
[1] Tafsir Al Qurtubi, Classical Commentary Of The Holy Qurโan, [Dar al-Taqwa] volume 1, page 492
[2] See Ibn Kathir, Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1986), volume, page 227 โ 229
[3] Tadabbur-e-Qurโan (Pondering Over The Qurโan) Tafsir of Surah al-Fatihan and Surah al-Baqarah [Translation: Muhammad Saleem Kayani, 2006], By Amin Aแธฅsan Iแนฃlaแธฅi, volume 1, page 486 โ 487
[4] Qurโanic Keywords: A Reference Guide By Abdur Rashid Siddiqui, page 61
[5] Al-Mawardi in his commentary on Quran 2:190 states:
โ(but do not transgress), which means do not assault and transgress against those who are not fighting and do not kill women and children.โ (Min Rawaiโ al-Tafasir al-Nukat wa al-`Uyuun by al-Mawardi, volume 1, page 251)
[6] Muhammad al-Nasaafi:
โWe should not transgress by initiating the fighting and not fight those who are not fighting from among the women, children, elders and so forth.โ (Madarik al-tanzil wa-haqaโiq al-taโwil, by Muhammed al-Nasaafi, volume 1, page 165).