๐๐ฎ๐ฅ๐ข๐ง๐ ๐จ๐ง ๐จ๐ง๐ ๐ฐ๐ก๐จ ๐ฌ๐ญ๐๐๐ฅ๐ฌ ๐ซ๐จ๐๐ฌ ๐จ๐ซ ๐๐๐ฉ๐๐ฌ ๐๐ญ ๐ค๐ง๐ข๐๐-๐ฉ๐จ๐ข๐ง๐ญ ๐จ๐ซ ๐ ๐ฎ๐ง-๐ฉ๐จ๐ข๐ง๐ญ
Mohamad Mostafa Nassar
Twitter@NassarMohamadMR
Question
What is the ruling on gangs or individuals who steal from people, or kidnap women and violate their honour, all at knife-point or gun-point?
Answer
Praise be to Allah.
These crimes, which are committed by some people who have no religious commitment, are given a severe punishment in sharฤซโah, which is known to the scholars as the hadd for haraabah (waging war against Allah and His Messenger) or qutaโ al-tareeq (banditry). This is mentioned in the verse in which Allah says (interpretation of the meaning):
โThe recompense of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and do mischief in the land is only that they shall be killed or crucified, or their hands and their feet be cut off from opposite sides or be exiled from the land. That is their disgrace in this world, and a great torment is theirs in the Hereafterโ
Quran [al-Maโidah 5:33]
The Council of Senior Scholars in the Land of the Two Holy Sanctuaries, under the leadership of Shaykh โAbd al-โAzeez ibn Baaz (may Allah have mercy on him) issued a statement concerning these crimes, in which it says:
The Council has studied what the scholars have mentioned about the sharโi rulings which in general dictate the obligation to protect the five essentials of life and ensure that they remain safe. They are religion, life, honour, mental health and wealth. Islam acknowledges the great danger that can result from crimes of aggression against the sanctity of the Muslimsโ lives, honour and wealth, and the threat to public security that this can pose in the land.
Allah has guaranteed protection for the peopleโs religion, physical well-being, lives, honour, and mental health by means of the punishments which He has prescribed to attain security on both the public and private levels.
Implementing the verse concerning the hadd punishment for haraabah in accordance with the rulings of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) concerning muhaaribeen guarantees security and peace of mind and deters those who would think of committing such crimes and transgressing against the Muslims.
Allah says (interpretation of the meaning):
โThe recompense of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and do mischief in the land is only that they shall be killed or crucified, or their hands and their feet be cut off from opposite sides or be exiled from the land. That is their disgrace in this world, and a great torment is theirs in the Hereafterโ
[al-Maโidah 5:33]
In al-Saheehayn it is narrated that Anas (may Allah be pleased with him) said: Some people from โUkl came to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and were in al-Suffah. The climate of Madeenah made them sick, so they said: O Messenger of Allah, get us some milk.
He said: โI think the best thing for you is to go to the camels of the Messenger of Allah.โ So, they went there and drank some of their milk and urine, then when they had recovered and gained weight, they killed the herdsman and drove away the camels. Someone came to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) shouting for help, and he sent a party out in pursuit of them. Not much of the day had passed before they were caught and brought to him.
He ordered that branding irons be heated, and their eyes were put out, and their hands and feet were cut off, and not cauterized, then they were thrown into the harrah where they asked for water, but they were not given any, until they died.
Abu Qilaabah said: They stole, killed, and waged war against Allah and His Messenger.
Based on the above, the Council has determined the following:
- The crimes of kidnapping, robbery, and transgression of the Muslimsโ sanctity by way of open and audacious hostility is a type of muhaarabah (waging war against Allah and His Messenger) and doing mischief in the land, which deserves the punishment mentioned by Allah in the verse in al-Maโidah, whether that aggression is against peopleโs lives, wealth, or honour, or it is scaring wayfarers and cutting off routes (banditry).
It makes no difference whether that happens in cities, villages, the desert, or the wilderness, as is the correct view of the scholars (may Allah have mercy on them).
- Ibn al-โArabi said, telling of the time when he was a judge: Some bandits were brought before me who had gone out to attack a group of travellers. They took a woman by force from her husband and the group of Muslims who were with him and carried her off. Then they were hunted down, caught, and brought to me.
I asked one of the muftis with whom Allah tested me about them and he said that they were not muhaaribeen, because haraabah (the crime of waging war against Allah and His Messenger) applies only with regard to wealth, not rape! I said to them:
To Allah we belong and unto Him is our return (said by Muslims at times of calamity). Do you not know that haraabah (aggression) against honour is worse than aggression against wealth? All people would agree to lose their wealth and have it confiscated from them rather than to see aggression committed against their wives or daughters. If there were any punishment more severe than that which Allah has mentioned, it would be for those who kidnap women. end quote.
(C) The Council believes that in the verse in which Allah says โThe recompense of those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger and do mischief in the land is only that they shall be killed or crucified, or their hands and their feet be cut off from opposite sides, or be exiled from the landโ the word aw (or) means that there is a choice, as is the apparent meaning of the verse. This is the view of the majority of scholars, may Allah have mercy on them.
(D) The majority of the Council believes that the deputies of the ruler โ the judges โ have the obligation to prove the type of crime and to pass judgement accordingly. If it is proven that it is a crime that constitutes war against Allah and His Messenger (muhaarabah) and spreading mischief in the land.
Then they have the choice of issuing a sentence of execution, crucifixion, cutting off a hand and foot on opposite sides, or exile from the land, based on their ijtihaad and paying attention to the situation of the criminal and the circumstances of the crime, as well as its impact on society.
And what may best achieve the interests of Islam and the Muslims, unless the muhaarib has killed, in which case he should definitely be executed, as Ibn al-โArabi al-Maaliki narrated that there was consensus among the scholars on this point. Among the Hanbalis, the author of al-Insaaf said:
There is no dispute on this point. End quote from a paper published by the Council of Senior Scholars under the title al-Hukm fiโl-Satw waโl-Ikhtitaaf wa Muskiraat, p. 192-104.
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